https://hcqmeta.com/
•97% of the
31 early treatment studies report a positive
effect (13 statistically significant in
isolation).
•Meta analysis using the most serious
outcome reported shows 64% [54‑72%] improvement for the
31 early
treatment studies. Results are similar after exclusion based sensitivity
analysis and after restriction to
peer-reviewed studies. Restricting to the 8 RCTs shows 46% [16‑65%] improvement,
and restricting to the 13
mortality results
shows 75% [60‑84%] lower mortality.
•Late treatment is less successful,
with only 69% of the
190 studies reporting a positive effect. Very
late stage treatment is not effective and may be harmful, especially when
using excessive dosages.
•The probability that an ineffective
treatment generated results as positive as the
281 studies is estimated to be 1 in
734 trillion.
•83% of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) for
early, PrEP, or PEP treatment report positive effects, the probability of this
happening for an ineffective treatment is
0.0038.
•There is evidence of bias towards publishing negative results.
76% of prospective studies report positive
effects, compared to 72% of retrospective
studies. Studies from North America
are 2.9
times more likely to report negative results than studies from the rest of the
world combined, p = 0.0000000153.
•Negative meta analyses of HCQ generally choose a subset
of trials, focusing on late treatment, especially trials with very late
treatment and excessive dosages.
•While many treatments have some level
of efficacy, they do not replace vaccines and other measures to avoid
infection. Only 5% of HCQ studies
show zero events in the treatment arm.
•Elimination of COVID-19 is a race
against viral evolution. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100%
available and effective for all current and future variants. All practical,
effective, and safe means should be used. Not doing so increases the risk of
COVID-19 becoming endemic; and increases mortality, morbidity, and collateral
damage.
•All data to reproduce this paper and
the sources are in the appendix.
See [Ladapo, Prodromos, Risch, Risch (B)] for other meta analyses
showing efficacy when HCQ is used early.
| Total | 281 studies | 4,583 authors | 407,627 patients |
| Positive effects | 206 studies | 3,285 authors | 289,245 patients |
| Early treatment | 64% improvement | RR 0.36 [0.28-0.46] |
| Late treatment | 21% improvement | RR 0.79 [0.74-0.84] |
Figure 1. A. Random effects
meta-analysis of all early treatment studies. This plot shows pooled effects, analysis for individual outcomes is below, and
more details on pooled effects can be found in the heterogeneity section.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported.
Simplified dosages are shown for comparison, these are the total dose in the
first four days. Chloroquine is indicated with (c). For details of
effect extraction and full dosage information see the appendix.
B. Scatter plot of the effects reported in early treatment studies and
in all studies. Early treatment is more effective. C and D.
Chronological history of all reported effects, with the probability that the
observed frequency of positive effects occurred due to random chance from an
ineffective treatment.
Introduction
We analyze all significant studies concerning the use of HCQ
(or CQ) for COVID-19. Search methods, inclusion criteria, effect extraction
criteria (more serious outcomes have priority), all individual study data,
PRISMA answers, and statistical methods are detailed in Appendix 1. We
present random-effects meta-analysis results for all studies, for studies
within each treatment stage, for mortality results only, after exclusion of
studies with critical bias, and for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) only.
Typical meta analyses involve subjective selection criteria and bias
evaluation, requiring an understanding of the criteria and the accuracy of the
evaluations. However, the volume of studies presents an opportunity for an
additional simple and transparent analysis aimed at detecting efficacy.
If treatment was not effective, the observed effects would be
randomly distributed (or more likely to be negative if treatment is harmful).
We can compute the probability that the observed percentage of positive
results (or higher) could occur due to chance with an ineffective treatment
(the probability of >= k heads in n coin tosses, or the
one-sided sign test / binomial test). Analysis of publication bias is
important and adjustments may be needed if there is a bias toward publishing
positive results. For HCQ, we find evidence of a bias toward publishing
negative results.
Figure 2 shows stages of possible treatment for
COVID-19. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) refers to regularly taking
medication before being infected, in order to prevent or minimize infection.
In Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP), medication is taken after exposure
but before symptoms appear. Early Treatment refers to treatment
immediately or soon after symptoms appear, while Late Treatment refers
to more delayed treatment.
Figure 2. Treatment stages.
Results
Figure 3, Figure 4, and
Table 1 show results by treatment stage, and Figure 5
shows a forest plot for a random effects meta-analysis of all studies.
Figure 6 and Figure 7 show forest plots restricted to mortality
and hospitalization results only.
Early treatment.
97% of early treatment studies
report a positive effect, with an estimated reduction of
64% in the effect measured
(death, hospitalization, etc.) from the random effects meta-analysis, RR
0.36
[0.28-0.46].Late treatment.
Late treatment studies are
mixed, with 69% showing positive
effects, and an estimated reduction of
21% in the random effects
meta-analysis. Negative studies mostly fall into the following categories:
they show evidence of significant unadjusted confounding, including
confounding by indication; usage is extremely late; or they use an excessively
high dosage.Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis.
76% of PrEP studies show positive
effects, with an estimated reduction of
31% in the random effects
meta-analysis. Negative studies are all studies of systemic autoimmune disease
patients which either do not adjust for the different baseline risk of these
patients at all, or do not adjust for the highly variable risk within these
patients.Post-Exposure Prophylaxis.
88% of PEP studies report positive
effects, with an estimated reduction of
33% in the random effects
meta-analysis.| Treatment time | Number of studies reporting positive results | Total number of studies | Percentage of studies reporting positive results | Probability of an equal or greater percentage of positive results from an ineffective treatment | Random effects meta-analysis results |
| Early treatment | 30 | 31 | 96.8% | 1 in 67 million |
64% improvement RR 0.36 [0.28‑0.46] p < 0.0001 |
| Late treatment | 131 | 191 | 68.6% | 1 in 7 million |
21% improvement RR 0.79 [0.74‑0.84] p < 0.0001 |
| Pre‑Exposure Prophylaxis | 41 | 54 | 75.9% | 1 in 11 thousand |
31% improvement RR 0.69 [0.57‑0.84] p = 0.00025 |
| Post‑Exposure Prophylaxis | 7 | 8 | 87.5% | 1 in 28 |
33% improvement RR 0.67 [0.53‑0.83] p = 0.00043 |
| All studies | 206 | 281 | 73.3% | 1 in 734 trillion |
26% improvement RR 0.74 [0.69‑0.78] p < 0.0001 |
Table 1. Results by treatment stage.
3 studies report results for a subset with early
treatment, these are not included in the overall results.
Figure 3. Results by treatment stage.
Figure 4. Chronological history of results by
treatment stage, with the probability that the observed frequency of positive
results occurred due to random chance from an ineffective treatment.
Figure 5. Random effects meta-analysis. This plot shows pooled effects, analysis for individual outcomes is below, and
more details on pooled effects can be found in the heterogeneity section.
Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported,
see the appendix for details.
(ES) indicates the early treatment subset of a study (these are not included
in the overall results).
Figure 6. Random effects meta-analysis for
mortality results only. (ES) indicates the early treatment subset of a study
(these are not included in the overall results).
Figure 7. Random effects meta-analysis for
hospitalization results only.
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) minimize one source of bias
and can provide a higher level of evidence. Results restricted to RCTs are
shown in Figure 8, Figure 9, and Table 2. Even
with the small number of RCTs to date, they confirm efficacy for early
treatment. While late treatment RCTs are dominated by the very late stage and
large RECOVERY/SOLIDARITY trials, prophylaxis and early treatment studies show
28%
improvement in random effects meta-analysis, RR
0.72
[0.59‑0.86],
p = 0.00053. Early treatment RCTs show
46% improvement,
RR 0.54
[0.35‑0.84],
p = 0.0058.
Evidence supports incorporating non-RCT studies.
[Concato] find that well-designed observational studies do not
systematically overestimate the magnitude of the effects of treatment compared
to RCTs. [Anglemyer] summarized reviews comparing RCTs to
observational studies and found little evidence for significant differences in
effect estimates. [Lee] shows that only 14% of the guidelines of
the Infectious Diseases Society of America were based on RCTs. Limitations in
an RCT can easily outweigh the benefits, for example excessive dosages,
excessive treatment delays, or Internet survey bias could easily have a
greater effect on results. Ethical issues may prevent running RCTs for known
effective treatments. For more on the problems with RCTs see
[Deaton, Nichol].
Figure 8. Randomized Controlled Trials. Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported,
see the appendix for details.
A. Scatter plot of all effects comparing RCTs to non-RCTs. B. Chronological history of all reported effects.
| Treatment time | Number of studies reporting positive results | Total number of studies | Percentage of studies reporting positive results | Probability of an equal or greater percentage of positive results from an ineffective treatment | Random effects meta-analysis results |
| Randomized Controlled Trials | 31 | 44 | 70.5% | 1 in 209 |
23% improvement RR 0.77 [0.65‑0.93] p = 0.0048 |
| Randomized Controlled Trials (excluding late treatment) | 15 | 18 | 83.3% | 1 in 265 |
28% improvement RR 0.72 [0.59‑0.86] p = 0.00053 |
Table 2. Summary of RCT results.
Analysis with Exclusions
Many meta-analyses for HCQ have been written, most of which
have become somewhat obselete due to the continuing stream of more recent
studies. Recent analyses with positive conclusions include [IHU Marseille]
which considers significant bias from an understanding of each trial, and
[Garcia-Albeniz, Ladapo, Prodromos] which focus on early or
prophylactic use studies.
Meta analyses reporting negative conclusions focus on late
treatment studies, tend to disregard treatment delay, tend to follow formulaic
evaluations which overlook major issues with various studies, and end up with
weighting disproportionate to a reasoned analysis of each study's
contribution. For example, [Axfors] assigns 87% weight to a single
trial, the RECOVERY trial [RECOVERY], thereby producing the same
result. However, the RECOVERY trial may be the most biased of the studies they
included, due to the excessive dosage used, close to the level shown to be
very dangerous in [Borba] (OR 2.8), and with extremely sick late stage
patients (60% requiring oxygen, 17% ventilation/ECMO, and a very high
mortality rate in both arms). There is little reason to suggest that the
results from this trial are applicable to more typical dosages or to earlier
treatment (10/22: the second version of this study released 10/22 assigns 74%
to RECOVERY and 15% to SOLIDARITY [SOLIDARITY], which is the only
other trial using a similar excessive dosage).
We include all studies in the main analysis, however there are
major issues with several studies that could significantly alter the results.
Here, we present an analysis excluding studies with significant issues,
including indication of significant unadjusted group differences or confouding
by indication, extremely late stage usage >14 days post symptoms or >50% on
oxygen at baseline, very minimal detail provided, excessive dosages which have
been shown to be dangerous, significant issues with adjustments that could
reasonably make substantial differences, and reliance on PCR which may be
inaccurate and less indicative of severity than symptoms. The aim here is not
to exclude studies on technicalities, but to exclude studies that clearly have
major issues that may significantly change the outcome. We welcome feedback on
improvements or corrections to this. The studies excluded are as follows, and
the resulting forest plot is shown in Figure 10.
[Ader], very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline.
[Alamdari], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Albani], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
[Alghamdi], unadjusted results with no group details, very late stage, ICU patients.
[Alghamdi (B)], confounding by indication is likely and adjustments do not consider COVID-19 severity.
[Annie], confounding by indication is likely and adjustments do not consider COVID-19 severity.
[Aparisi], unadjusted results with no group details.
[Awad], substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Barbosa], excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
[Barra], unadjusted results with no group details.
[Bielza], unadjusted results with no group details.
[Boari], unadjusted results with no group details.
[Bosaeed], very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline.
[Budhiraja], excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
[Cassione], not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
[Chari], unadjusted results with no group details.
[Choi], excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
[Coll], unadjusted results with no group details.
[Cravedi], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[de la Iglesia], not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
[De Luna], unadjusted results with no group details, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Fitzgerald], not fully adjusting for the baseline risk differences within systemic autoimmune patients.
[Fried], excessive unadjusted differences between groups, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Gadhiya], substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Gautret], excessive unadjusted differences between groups, results only for PCR status which may be significantly different to symptoms.
[Geleris], significant issues found with adjustments.
[Gendebien], not fully adjusting for the baseline risk differences within systemic autoimmune patients.
[Gendelman], not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
[Gianfrancesco], not fully adjusting for the baseline risk differences within systemic autoimmune patients.
[Goldman], unadjusted results with no group details.
[Gupta], very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline.
[Hraiech], very late stage, ICU patients.
[Huang], significant unadjusted confounding possible.
[Huh], not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
[Huh (B)], not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
[Izoulet], excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
[Jacobs], unadjusted results with no group details, substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
[Kamran], excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
[Kamstrup], not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
[Kelly], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Konig], not fully adjusting for the baseline risk differences within systemic autoimmune patients.
[Krishnan], unadjusted results with no group details.
[Kuderer], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Lamback], substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
[Laplana], not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
[Lecronier], very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline.
[Lotfy], substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Luo], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Macias], not fully adjusting for the baseline risk differences within systemic autoimmune patients.
[Maldonado], treatment or control group size extremely small.
[Martin-Vicente], unadjusted results with no group details, treatment or control group size extremely small.
[McGrail], excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
[Mitchell], excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
[Mohandas], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, unadjusted results with no group details, substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
[Pasquini], unadjusted results with no group details.
[Peters], excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
[Psevdos], unadjusted results with no group details, no treatment details, substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Qin], unadjusted results with no group details.
[Ramírez-García], excessive unadjusted differences between groups, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Rangel], not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
[RECOVERY], excessive dosage in late stage patients, results do not apply to typical dosages.
[Rentsch], not fully adjusting for the baseline risk differences within systemic autoimmune patients, medication adherence unknown and may significantly change results.
[Rodriguez], unadjusted results with no group details.
[Rodriguez-Nava], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, excessive unadjusted differences between groups, unadjusted results with no group details.
[Roger], substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
[Roig], unadjusted results with no group details.
[Roomi], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Roy], no serious outcomes reported and fast recovery in treatment and control groups, there is little room for a treatment to improve results.
[Saib], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Salazar], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, unadjusted results with no group details.
[Saleemi], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Salvarani], not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
[Sammartino], substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically.
[Sands], includes PCR+ patients that may be asymptomatic for COVID-19 but in hospital for other reasons, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Sarfaraz], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, significant unadjusted confounding possible, unadjusted results with no group details.
[Sbidian], significant issues found with adjustments.
[Shoaibi], unadjusted results with no group details.
[Singer], not fully adjusting for the baseline risk differences within systemic autoimmune patients.
[Singh], confounding by indication is likely and adjustments do not consider COVID-19 severity.
[Smith], immortal time bias may significantly affect results.
[Solh], very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[SOLIDARITY], excessive dosage in late stage patients, results do not apply to typical dosages, very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline.
[Sosa-García], very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Soto-Becerra], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, includes PCR+ patients that may be asymptomatic for COVID-19 but in hospital for other reasons.
[Stewart], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically, includes PCR+ patients that may be asymptomatic for COVID-19 but in hospital for other reasons.
[Stewart (B)], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically, includes PCR+ patients that may be asymptomatic for COVID-19 but in hospital for other reasons.
[Stewart (C)], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically, includes PCR+ patients that may be asymptomatic for COVID-19 but in hospital for other reasons.
[Stewart (D)], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically, includes PCR+ patients that may be asymptomatic for COVID-19 but in hospital for other reasons.
[Stewart (E)], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically, includes PCR+ patients that may be asymptomatic for COVID-19 but in hospital for other reasons.
[Stewart (F)], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically, includes PCR+ patients that may be asymptomatic for COVID-19 but in hospital for other reasons.
[Stewart (G)], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically, includes PCR+ patients that may be asymptomatic for COVID-19 but in hospital for other reasons.
[Tehrani], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, unadjusted results with no group details.
[Texeira], unadjusted results with no group details, no treatment details, substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Trefond], not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients, significant unadjusted confounding possible, excessive unadjusted differences between groups.
[Ubaldo], substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, very late stage, ICU patients, unadjusted results with no group details.
[Ulrich], very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline.
[Vernaz], substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early period when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
[Vivanco-Hidalgo], not fully adjusting for the different baseline risk of systemic autoimmune patients.
[Wang], confounding by indication is likely and adjustments do not consider COVID-19 severity.
[Xia], detail too minimal.
[Yegerov], unadjusted results with no group details.
Figure 10. Random effects meta-analysis
excluding studies with significant issues. Effect extraction is pre-specified, using the most serious outcome reported,
see the appendix for details.
(ES) indicates the early treatment
subset of a study (these are not included in the overall results).
Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity in COVID-19 studies arises from many factors including:
Treatment delay.
The time between infection
or the onset of symptoms and treatment may critically affect how well a
treatment works. For example a medication may be very effective when used
early but may not be effective in late stage disease, and may even be harmful.
Figure 11 shows an example where efficacy declines as a
function of treatment delay. Other medications might be beneficial for late
stage complications, while early use may not be effective or may even be
harmful.
Figure 11. Effectiveness may depend critically on treatment delay.
Patient demographics.
Details of the
patient population including age and comorbidities may critically affect how
well a treatment works. For example, many COVID-19 studies with relatively
young low-comorbidity patients show all patients recovering quickly with or
without treatment. In such cases, there is little room for an effective
treatment to improve results.Effect measured.
Efficacy may differ
significantly depending on the effect measured, for example a treatment may be
very effective at reducing mortality, but less effective at minimizing cases
or hospitalization. Or a treatment may have no effect on viral clearance while
still being effective at reducing mortality.Variants.
There are thousands of
different variants of SARS-CoV-2 and efficacy may depend critically on the
distribution of variants encountered by the patients in a study.Regimen.
Effectiveness may depend
strongly on the dosage and treatment regimen.Treatments.
The use of other
treatments may significantly affect outcomes, including anything from other
medications, supplements, or other kinds of treatment such as prone
positioning.The distribution of studies will alter the outcome of a meta
analysis. Consider a simplified example where everything is equal except for
the treatment delay, and effectiveness decreases to zero or below with
increasing delay. If there are many studies using very late treatment, the
outcome may be negative, even though the treatment may be effective when used
earlier.
In general, by combining heterogeneous studies, as all meta
analyses do, we run the risk of obscuring an effect by including studies where
the treatment is less effective, not effective, or harmful.
When including studies where a treatment is less effective we
expect the estimated effect size to be lower than that for the optimal case.
We do not a priori expect that pooling all studies will create a
positive result for an effective treatment. Looking at all studies is valuable
for providing an overview of all research, and important to avoid
cherry-picking, but the resulting estimate does not apply to specific cases
such as early treatment in high-risk populations.
HCQ studies vary widely in all the factors above. We find a
significant effect based on treatment delay. Early treatment shows
consistently positive results, while late treatment results are very mixed.
Closer analysis may identify factors related to efficacy among this group, for
example treatment may be more effective in certain popuations, or more
fine-grained analysis of treatment delay may identify a point after which
treatment is ineffective.
Discussion
Publication bias.
Publishing is often biased
towards positive results, which we would need to adjust for when analyzing the
percentage of positive results. Studies that require less effort are
considered to be more susceptible to publication bias. Prospective trials that
involve significant effort are likely to be published regardless of the
result, while retrospective studies are more likely to exhibit bias. For
example, researchers may perform preliminary analysis with minimal effort and
the results may influence their decision to continue. Retrospective studies
also provide more opportunities for the specifics of data extraction and
adjustments to influence results.For HCQ, 76.4% of prospective
studies report positive effects, compared to
72.2% of retrospective studies, indicating a
bias toward publishing negative results. Figure 12 shows a scatter
plot of results for prospective and retrospective studies.
Figure 13 shows the results by region of the world, for
all regions that have > 5 studies. Studies from North America are
2.9 times more likely to report negative results
than studies from the rest of the world combined,
53.6% vs. 18.4%,
two-tailed z test -5.66, p =
0.0000000153. [Berry] performed an independent analysis
which also showed bias toward negative results for US-based research.
Figure 12. Prospective vs. retrospective studies.
Figure 14. Results by region.
The lack of bias towards positive results is not very
surprising. Both negative and positive results are very important given the
current use of HCQ for COVID-19 around the world, evidence of which can be
found in the studies analyzed here, government protocols, and news reports,
for example [AFP, AfricaFeeds, Africanews, Afrik.com, Al Arabia, Al-bab, Anadolu Agency, Anadolu Agency (B), Archyde, Barron's, Barron's (B), BBC, Belayneh, A., Bianet, CBS News, Challenge, Dr. Goldin, Efecto Cocuyo, Expats.cz, Face 2 Face Africa, Filipova, France 24, France 24 (B), Franceinfo, Global Times, Government of China, Government of India, Government of Venezuela, GulfInsider, Le Nouvel Afrik, LifeSiteNews, Medical World Nigeria, Medical Xpress, Medical Xpress (B), Middle East Eye, Ministerstva Zdravotnictví, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Ministry of Health of Ukraine (B), Morocco World News, Mosaique Guinee, Nigeria News World, NPR News, Oneindia, Pan African Medical Journal, Parola, Pilot News, PledgeTimes, Pleno.News, Q Costa Rica, Rathi, Russian Government, Russian Government (B), Teller Report, The Africa Report, The Australian, The BL, The East African, The Guardian, The Indian Express, The Moscow Times, The North Africa Post, The Tico Times, Ukrinform, Vanguard, Voice of America].
We also note a bias towards publishing negative results by
certain journals and press organizations, with scientists reporting difficulty
publishing positive results [Boulware, Meeus, Meneguesso].
[Meeus], for example, report that their paper with 4,000 patients
reporting favourable outcomes for HCQ+AZ was rejected without peer review from
the editors of four different journals.
Although 206 studies show positive results, The New
York Times, for example, has only written articles for studies that claim HCQ
is not effective [The New York Times, The New York Times (B), The New York Times (C)]. As of September 10,
2020, The New York Times still claims that there is clear evidence that HCQ is
not effective for COVID-19 [The New York Times (D)]. As of October 9, 2020,
the United States National Institutes of Health recommends against HCQ for
both hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients [United States National Institutes of Health].
Treatment details.
We focus here on the
question of whether HCQ is effective or not for COVID-19. Studies vary
significantly in terms of treatment delay, treatment regimen, patients
characteristics, and (for the pooled effects analysis) outcomes, as reflected
in the high degree of heterogeneity. However, early treatment consistently
shows benefits. 97% of early
treatment studies report a positive effect, with an estimated reduction of
64% in the effect measured
(death, hospitalization, etc.) in the random effects meta-analysis, RR
0.36
[0.28-0.46]. Negative Meta Analyses
Generally, it is easy to choose inclusion criteria and assign
biased risk evaluations in order to produce any desired outcome in a meta
analysis.
COVID-19 treatment studies have many sources of heterogeneity
which affect the results, including treatment delay (time from infection or
the onset of symptoms), patient population (age, comorbidities), the effect
measured and details of the measurement, distribution of SARS-CoV-2 variants,
dosage/regimen, and other treatments (anything from supplements, other
medications, or other kinds of treatment like prone positioning).
If a treatment is effective early, there is no reason to expect
it will also work late. Antivirals are typically only considered effective
when used within a short timeframe, for example 0-36 or 0-48 hours for
oseltamivir, with longer delays not being effective [McLean, Treanor].
For HCQ, the overwhelming majority of trials involve treatment not only after
48 hours but after 5 days - results from these trials are not relevant to
earlier usage.
Authors desiring to produce a negative outcome for HCQ need
only focus on late treatment studies. For example, [Axfors] assigns
89% weight to the RECOVERY and SOLIDARITY trials, producing the same negative
result. These trials used excessively high non-patient-customized dosage in
very sick late stage patients, dosages comparable to those known to be harmful
in that context [Borba]. The results are not generalizable to typical
dosage or treatment of earlier stage hospitalized patients, and certainly not
applicable to early treatment, i.e., at first glance we can see that this meta
analysis is of no relevance to early treatment.
This paper also does not appear to have been done very
carefully. For example, authors include [Borba] which is assigned 97%
weight for CQ. This study has no control group, comparing two different
dosages of CQ, which is clear from the abstract of the study.
[Axfors] approximate early treatment with outpatient
use, where they list 5 trials. This is misleading because authors ignore all
outcomes other than mortality, and only one of the 5 trials has mortality
events, so in reality only one trial is included. Table 1 shows the 5 trials,
only one with mortality. The text says something different: "among the five
studies on outpatients, there were three deaths, two occurring in the one
trial of 491 relatively young patients with few comorbidities and one
occurring in a small trial with 27 patients". We do not know what the missing
27 patient trial is, none of the 5 outpatient trials in Table 1 show 27
patients. There is an outpatient trial with 27 patients [Amaravadi],
however that trial reports no mortality. It does appear in the meta analysis,
but is reported as being an inpatient trial with zero mortality (in reality it
was a remotely conducted trial of patients quarantined at home). The
supplementary appendix has another different version for outpatient trials,
with only 4 trials in Table S3 and Figure S2B (only one with mortality).
Therefore, of the 31 early
treatment trials, authors have included data from only one, which contains
only 1 death in each of the treatment and control groups. If we read the
actual study [Skipper], we find that the death in the treatment group
was a non-hospitalized patient, suggesting that the death was not caused by
COVID-19, or at a minimum the patient did not receive standard care and the
comparison here is therefore not valid.
Conclusion
HCQ is an effective treatment for COVID-19. The probability
that an ineffective treatment generated results as positive as the
281 studies to date is estimated to be 1 in
734 trillion.
Treatment is more effective when used early. Very late stage
treatment is not effective and may be harmful, especially when using excessive
dosages.
97% of early
treatment studies report a positive effect, with an estimated reduction of
64% in the effect measured
(death, hospitalization, etc.) using a random effects meta-analysis, RR
0.36
[0.28-0.46].
Revisions
This paper is data driven, all graphs and numbers are
dynamically generated. We will update the paper as new studies are released or
with any corrections. Please
submit updates and corrections at https://hcqmeta.com/.
10/20: Initial revision.
10/21: We added studies [Dubee, Martinez-Lopez, Solh]. We
received a report that the United States National Institutes of Health is
recommending against HCQ for hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients as of
October 9, and we added a reference.
10/22: We added [Anglemyer, Ñamendys-Silva]. We updated
the discussion of [Axfors] for the second version of this study. We
added a table summarizing RCT results.
10/23: We added [Komissarov, Lano]. The second version
of the preprint for [Komissarov] includes a comparison with the
control group (not reported in the first version). We updated
[Lyngbakken] to use the mortality result in the recent journal version
of the paper (not reported in the preprint).
10/30: We added [Berenguer, Faíco-Filho].
10/31: We added [Frontera, Szente Fonseca, Tehrani].
11/1: We added [Trullàs].
11/8: We added [Dhibar].
11/9: We added [Self].
11/10: We added [Mathai].
11/12: We added [Simova, Simova (B)].
11/13: We added [Núñez-Gil, Águila-Gordo].
11/14: We added [Sheshah].
11/18: We added [Budhiraja].
11/19: We added [Falcone].
11/20: We added [Omrani].
11/23: We added [Revollo].
11/24: We added [Boari].
11/25: We added [Qin], and we added analysis
restricted to mortality results.
11/27: We added [van Halem].
11/28: We added [Lambermont].
11/30: We added [Abdulrahman].
12/1: We added [Capsoni].
12/2: We added [Rodriguez-Gonzalez].
12/7: We added [Maldonado].
12/8: We added [Barnabas].
12/9: We added [Agusti, Guglielmetti].
12/11: We added [Jung].
12/13: We added [Bielza].
12/14: We added [Rivera-Izquierdo, Rodriguez-Nava].
12/15: We added [Kalligeros, López].
12/16: We added [Alqassieh, Naseem, Orioli, Sosa-García, Tan].
12/17: We added [Signes-Costa].
12/21: We added [Matangila].
12/22: We added [Taccone].
12/23: We added [Cangiano].
12/24: We added [Su].
12/25: We added [Chari].
12/27: We added the total number of authors and patients.
12/31: We added additional details about the studies in the
appendix.
1/1: We added [Sands].
1/2: We added the number of patients to the forest plots.
1/3: We added dosage information for early treatment
studies.
1/4: We added [Vernaz].
1/5: We added [Sarfaraz].
1/6: We added direct links to the study details in the forest
plots.
1/7: We added direct links to the study details in the
chronological plots.
1/11: We added [Rangel].
1/12: We added [Li (B)].
1/15: We updated [Ip] to the published version.
1/16: We added the effect measured for each study in the forest
plots.
1/21: We added [Li].
1/24: We added [Desbois, Psevdos]. We moved the analysis
with exclusions and mortality analysis to the main text.
2/1: We added [Trefond].
2/2: We added [Bernabeu-Wittel].
2/5: We added [Hernandez-Cardenas].
2/6: We added [Fitzgerald].
2/7: We added [Johnston].
2/9: We added [Ouedraogo].
2/15: We added [Lora-Tamayo].
2/16: We added [Albani].
2/17: We added [Purwati].
2/18: We added [Awad].
2/20: We added [Lamback].
2/23: We added [Gonzalez].
2/25: We added [Bae].
2/26: We added [Amaravadi].
2/28: We added [Rodriguez].
3/2: We added [Pham].
3/3: We added [Pasquini].
3/5: We added [Lotfy].
3/7: We added [Salvador].
3/8: We added [Martin-Vicente].
3/9: We added [Vivanco-Hidalgo].
3/13: We added [Roy].
3/24: We added [Dev].
3/28: We added [Stewart].
3/29: We added [Barry].
4/1: We added [Alghamdi (B)].
4/2: We added [Salvarani].
4/4: We updated [Mitjà] for 11 control
hospitalizations. There is conflicting data, table S2 lists 12 control
hospitalizations, while table 2 shows 11. A previous version of this paper
also showed some values corresponding to 12 control hospitalizations in the
abstract and table 2.
4/6: We added [Mokhtari].
4/9: We updated [Dubee] to the journal version.
4/14: We added [Seet].
4/23: We added [Reis].
4/29: We added [Mohandas].
5/1: We added [Bosaeed].
5/3: We added an explanation of how some meta analyses produce
negative results.
5/4: We added [Aghajani].
5/7: We added [Kokturk].
5/8: We added [Réa-Neto].
5/10: We added additional information in the abstract.
5/12: We added [De Rosa].
5/14: We added more discussion of heterogeneity.
5/15: We added [Sammartino].
5/16: We added [Rojas-Serrano]. We corrected the group
sizes for [Skipper], and we excluded hospitalizations that were
reported as not being related to COVID-19.
5/17: We added [Syed].
5/28: We added [Million].
6/4: We added [Byakika-Kibwika, Korkmaz].
6/5: We added [Thompson].
6/6: We added [Lagier].
6/7: We added [Badyal].
6/12: We added [Sivapalan].
6/16: We added [Saib].
6/21: We added [Ramírez-García].
6/22: We added [Schwartz].
7/2: We added [Taieb].
7/8: We updated [Cadegiani] to the journal version.
7/11: We added [Krishnan].
7/13: We added [Barrat-Due].
7/14: We added [Roger].
7/15: We added [Jacobs].
7/19: We added analysis restricted to hospitalization results.
8/3: We added [Barra].
8/4: We added [Alghamdi].
8/5: We added [Bhatt].
8/6: We added [Yadav].
8/8: We added [Di Castelnuovo].
8/10: We added [Rogado].
8/12: We added [Shabani].
8/16: We added [Turrini].
8/17: We added [De Luna].
8/20: We corrected the event counts in [Berenguer].
8/21: We added [Gadhiya].
8/25: We added [Naggie].
8/27: We added [Rodrigues].
8/28: We added [Patil].
We performed ongoing searches of PubMed, medRxiv,
ClinicalTrials.gov, The Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Collabovid, Research
Square, ScienceDirect, Oxford University Press, the reference lists of other
studies and meta-analyses, and submissions to the site c19hcq.com, which regularly receives
submissions of both positive and negative studies upon publication. Search
terms were hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine and COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2, or
simply hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine. Automated searches are performed
every hour with notifications of new matches. All studies regarding the use of
HCQ or CQ for COVID-19 that report a result compared to a control group are
included in the main analysis. This is a living analysis and is updated
regularly.
We extracted effect sizes and associated data from all studies.
If studies report multiple kinds of effects then the most serious outcome is
used in calculations for that study. For example, if effects for mortality and
cases are both reported, the effect for mortality is used, this may be
different to the effect that a study focused on. If symptomatic results are
reported at multiple times, we used the latest time, for example if mortality
results are provided at 14 days and 28 days, the results at 28 days are used.
Mortality alone is preferred over combined outcomes.
Outcomes with zero events in both arms were not used (the next most serious
outcome is used — no studies were excluded). For example, in low-risk
populations with no mortality, a reduction in mortality with treatment is not
possible, however a reduction in hospitalization, for example, is still
valuable.
Clinical outcome is considered more important than
PCR testing status. When basically all patients recover in both treatment and
control groups, preference for viral clearance and recovery is given to
results mid-recovery where available (after most or all patients have
recovered there is no room for an effective treatment to do better). When
results provide an odds ratio, we computed the relative risk when possible, or
converted to a relative risk according to [Zhang]. Reported
confidence intervals and p-values were used when available, using
adjusted values when provided. If multiple types of adjustments are reported
including propensity score matching (PSM), the PSM results are used. When
needed, conversion between reported p-values and confidence intervals
followed [Altman, Altman (B)], and Fisher's exact test was used to
calculate p-values for event data. If continuity correction for zero
values is required, we use the reciprocal of the opposite arm with the sum of
the correction factors equal to 1 [Sweeting]. If a study separates HCQ
and HCQ+AZ, we use the combined results were possible, or the results for the
larger group. Results are all expressed with RR < 1.0 suggesting
effectiveness. Most results are the relative risk of something negative. If a
study reports relative times, the results are expressed as the ratio of the
time for the HCQ group versus the time for the control group. If a study
reports the rate of reduction of viral load, the results are based on the
percentage change in the rate. Calculations are done in Python (3.9.6)
with
scipy (1.6.2), pythonmeta (1.23), numpy (1.21.1), statsmodels (0.12.2), and plotly (4.14.3).
The forest plots are computed using PythonMeta
[Deng] with the DerSimonian and Laird random effects model (the
fixed effect assumption is not plausible in this case).
We received no funding, this research is done in our spare
time. We have no affiliations with any pharmaceutical companies or political
parties.
We have classified studies as early treatment if most patients
are not already at a severe stage at the time of treatment, and treatment
started within 5 days after the onset of symptoms, although a shorter time may
be preferable. Antivirals are typically only considered effective when used
within a shorter timeframe, for example 0-36 or 0-48 hours for oseltamivir,
with longer delays not being effective [McLean, Treanor].
A summary of study results is below. Please submit
updates and corrections at https://hcqmeta.com/.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules as detailed above
and gives priority to more serious outcomes. Only the first (most serious)
outcome is used in calculations, which may differ from the effect a paper
focuses on.
| [Agusti], 12/9/2020, prospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, median age 37.0, 13 authors, dosage 400mg bid day 1, 200mg bid days 2-5. | risk of disease progression, 68.4% lower, RR 0.32, p = 0.21, treatment 2 of 87 (2.3%), control 4 of 55 (7.3%), pneumonia. |
| time to viral-, 31.8% lower, relative time 0.68, treatment 87, control 55. | |
| [Amaravadi], 2/26/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, preprint, 20 authors, dosage 400mg bid days 1-14. | risk of not reaching lowest symptom score at day 7 mid-recovery, 60.0% lower, RR 0.40, p = 0.13, treatment 3 of 15 (20.0%), control 6 of 12 (50.0%). |
| relative time to first occurrence of lowest symptom score, 42.9% lower, relative time 0.57, p = 0.21, treatment 15, control 12. | |
| relative time to release from quarantine, 27.3% lower, relative time 0.73, p = 0.28, treatment 16, control 13. | |
| [Ashraf], 4/24/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Iran, Middle East, preprint, median age 58.0, 16 authors, dosage 200mg bid daily, 400mg qd was used when combined with Lopinavir-Ritonavir. | risk of death, 67.5% lower, RR 0.32, p = 0.15, treatment 10 of 77 (13.0%), control 2 of 5 (40.0%). |
| [Bernabeu-Wittel], 8/1/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 13 authors, dosage 400mg bid day 1, 200mg bid days 2-7. | risk of death, 59.0% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.03, treatment 189, control 83. |
| [Cadegiani], 11/4/2020, prospective, Brazil, South America, peer-reviewed, 4 authors, dosage 400mg days 1-5. | risk of death, 81.2% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.21, treatment 0 of 159 (0.0%), control 2 of 137 (1.5%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), control group 1. |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 95.1% lower, RR 0.05, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 159 (0.0%), control 9 of 137 (6.6%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), control group 1. | |
| risk of hospitalization, 98.3% lower, RR 0.02, p < 0.001, treatment 0 of 159 (0.0%), control 27 of 137 (19.7%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), control group 1. | |
| [Chen], 6/22/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, China, Asia, preprint, 19 authors, dosage 200mg bid days 1-10. | median time to PCR-, 72.0% lower, relative time 0.28, p = 0.01, treatment 18, control 12. |
| [Derwand], 10/26/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 3 authors, dosage 200mg bid days 1-5. | risk of death, 79.4% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.12, treatment 1 of 141 (0.7%), control 13 of 377 (3.4%), odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| risk of hospitalization, 81.6% lower, RR 0.18, p < 0.001, treatment 4 of 141 (2.8%), control 58 of 377 (15.4%), odds ratio converted to relative risk. | |
| [Esper], 4/15/2020, prospective, Brazil, South America, preprint, 15 authors, dosage 800mg day 1, 400mg days 2-7. | risk of hospitalization, 64.0% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.02, treatment 8 of 412 (1.9%), control 12 of 224 (5.4%). |
| [Gautret], 3/17/2020, prospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 18 authors, dosage 200mg tid days 1-10. | risk of no virological cure at day 6, 66.0% lower, RR 0.34, p = 0.001, treatment 6 of 20 (30.0%), control 14 of 16 (87.5%). |
| [Guisado-Vasco], 10/15/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, median age 69.0, 25 authors, early treatment subset, dosage not specified. | risk of death, 66.9% lower, RR 0.33, p = 0.19, treatment 2 of 65 (3.1%), control 139 of 542 (25.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate. |
| [Guérin], 5/31/2020, retrospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, dosage 600mg days 1-10, 7-10 days. | risk of death, 61.4% lower, RR 0.39, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 20 (0.0%), control 1 of 34 (2.9%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). |
| recovery time, 65.0% lower, relative time 0.35, p < 0.001, treatment 20, control 34. | |
| [Heras], 9/2/2020, retrospective, Andorra, Europe, peer-reviewed, median age 85.0, 13 authors, dosage not specified. | risk of death, 95.6% lower, RR 0.04, p = 0.004, treatment 8 of 70 (11.4%), control 16 of 30 (53.3%), adjusted per study. |
| [Hong], 7/16/2020, retrospective, South Korea, Asia, peer-reviewed, 7 authors, dosage not specified. | risk of prolonged viral shedding, 64.9% lower, RR 0.35, p = 0.001, treatment 42, control 48, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Huang (B)], 5/28/2020, prospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 36 authors, early treatment subset, dosage chloroquine 500mg days 1-10, two groups, 500mg qd and 500mg bid. | time to viral-, 59.1% lower, relative time 0.41, p < 0.001, treatment 32, control 37. |
| [Huang (C)], 4/1/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 18 authors, dosage chloroquine 500mg bid days 1-10. | risk of no recovery at day 14, 91.7% lower, RR 0.08, p = 0.02, treatment 0 of 10 (0.0%), control 6 of 12 (50.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). |
| risk of no improvement in pneumonia at day 14, 83.0% lower, RR 0.17, p = 0.22, treatment 10, control 12. | |
| [Ip], 8/25/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 25 authors, dosage not specified. | risk of death, 54.5% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.43, treatment 2 of 97 (2.1%), control 44 of 970 (4.5%). |
| risk of ICU admission, 28.6% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.79, treatment 3 of 97 (3.1%), control 42 of 970 (4.3%). | |
| risk of hospitalization, 37.3% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.04, treatment 21 of 97 (21.6%), control 305 of 970 (31.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. | |
| [Kirenga], 9/9/2020, prospective, Uganda, Africa, peer-reviewed, 29 authors, dosage not specified. | median time to recovery, 25.6% lower, relative time 0.74, p = 0.20, treatment 29, control 27. |
| [Ly], 8/21/2020, retrospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, mean age 83.0, 21 authors, dosage 200mg tid days 1-10. | risk of death, 55.6% lower, RR 0.44, p = 0.02, treatment 18 of 116 (15.5%), control 29 of 110 (26.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Million], 5/27/2021, retrospective, France, Europe, preprint, 28 authors, dosage 200mg tid days 1-10. | risk of death, 83.0% lower, RR 0.17, p < 0.001, treatment 5 of 8315 (0.1%), control 11 of 2114 (0.5%), adjusted per study. |
| [Mitjà], 7/16/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 45 authors, dosage 800mg day 1, 400mg days 2-7. | risk of hospitalization, 16.0% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.64, treatment 8 of 136 (5.9%), control 11 of 157 (7.0%). |
| risk of no recovery, 34.0% lower, RR 0.66, p = 0.38, treatment 8 of 136 (5.9%), control 14 of 157 (8.9%). | |
| relative change in viral load from baseline, 2.0% lower, relative load 0.98, treatment 136, control 157, day 7. | |
| [Mokhtari], 4/6/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 11 authors, dosage 400mg bid day 1, 200mg bid days 2-5. | risk of death, 69.7% lower, RR 0.30, p < 0.001, treatment 27 of 7295 (0.4%), control 287 of 21464 (1.3%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| risk of hospitalization, 35.3% lower, RR 0.65, p < 0.001, treatment 523 of 7295 (7.2%), control 2382 of 21464 (11.1%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. | |
| [Omrani], 11/20/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Qatar, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 19 authors, dosage 600mg days 1-6. | risk of hospitalization, 12.5% lower, RR 0.88, p = 1.00, treatment 7 of 304 (2.3%), control 4 of 152 (2.6%), HCQ+AZ or HCQ vs. control. |
| risk of symptomatic at day 21, 25.8% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.58, treatment 9 of 293 (3.1%), control 6 of 145 (4.1%), HCQ+AZ or HCQ vs. control. | |
| risk of Ct<=40 at day 14, 10.3% higher, RR 1.10, p = 0.13, treatment 223 of 295 (75.6%), control 98 of 143 (68.5%), HCQ+AZ or HCQ vs. control. | |
| [Rodrigues], 8/25/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, South America, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, dosage 200mg bid days 1-7. | risk of hospitalization, 200.0% higher, RR 3.00, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 42 (2.4%), control 0 of 42 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). |
| risk of no virological cure, 14.4% lower, RR 0.86, p = 0.15, treatment 29 of 36 (80.6%), control 32 of 34 (94.1%), PP, day 3. | |
| risk of no virological cure, 13.1% lower, RR 0.87, p = 0.45, treatment 23 of 36 (63.9%), control 25 of 34 (73.5%), PP, day 6. | |
| risk of no virological cure, 23.3% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.47, treatment 13 of 36 (36.1%), control 16 of 34 (47.1%), PP, day 9. | |
| risk of no virological cure, 3.1% lower, RR 0.97, p = 1.00, treatment 31 of 42 (73.8%), control 32 of 42 (76.2%), ITT, day 3. | |
| risk of no virological cure, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 25 of 42 (59.5%), control 25 of 42 (59.5%), ITT, day 6. | |
| risk of no virological cure, 6.2% lower, RR 0.94, p = 1.00, treatment 15 of 42 (35.7%), control 16 of 42 (38.1%), ITT, day 9. | |
| time to viral-, 8.8% lower, relative time 0.91, p = 0.26, treatment 36, control 34, PP. | |
| time to viral-, 1.4% lower, relative time 0.99, p = 0.85, treatment 42, control 42, ITT. | |
| [Roy], 3/12/2021, retrospective, database analysis, India, South Asia, preprint, 5 authors, dosage not specified. | relative time to clinical response of wellbeing, 2.4% lower, relative time 0.98, p = 0.96, treatment 14, control 15. |
| [Simova], 11/12/2020, retrospective, Bulgaria, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors, dosage 200mg tid days 1-14. | risk of hospitalization, 93.8% lower, RR 0.06, p = 0.01, treatment 0 of 33 (0.0%), control 2 of 5 (40.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). |
| risk of viral+ at day 14, 95.8% lower, RR 0.04, p = 0.001, treatment 0 of 33 (0.0%), control 3 of 5 (60.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). | |
| [Skipper], 7/16/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 24 authors, dosage 800mg once, followed by 600mg in 6 to 8 hours, then 600mg daily for 4 more days. | risk of combined hospitalization/death, 36.7% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.58, treatment 5 of 231 (2.2%), control 8 of 234 (3.4%), COVID-19 adjudicated hospitalization/death. |
| risk of hospitalization, 49.4% lower, RR 0.51, p = 0.38, treatment 4 of 231 (1.7%), control 8 of 234 (3.4%), COVID-19 adjudicated hospitalization. | |
| risk of combined hospitalization/death, 49.4% lower, RR 0.51, p = 0.29, treatment 5 of 231 (2.2%), control 10 of 234 (4.3%), all hospitalization/death. | |
| risk of hospitalization, 59.5% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.17, treatment 4 of 231 (1.7%), control 10 of 234 (4.3%), all hospitalizations. | |
| risk of no recovery at day 14, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.21. | |
| [Sobngwi], 7/29/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Cameroon, Africa, preprint, 16 authors, dosage 400mg days 1-5, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo. | risk of no recovery, 51.6% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.44, treatment 2 of 95 (2.1%), control 4 of 92 (4.3%), day 10. |
| risk of no recovery, 3.2% lower, RR 0.97, p = 1.00, treatment 18 of 95 (18.9%), control 18 of 92 (19.6%), day 3. | |
| risk of no virological cure, 3.2% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.88, treatment 32 of 95 (33.7%), control 32 of 92 (34.8%), day 10. | |
| [Su], 12/23/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 9 authors, dosage 400mg days 1-10, 400mg daily for 10-14 days. | risk of disease progression, 84.9% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.006, treatment 261, control 355, adjusted per study, binary logistic regression. |
| improvement time, 24.0% lower, relative time 0.76, p = 0.02, treatment 261, control 355, adjusted per study, Cox proportional hazards regression. | |
| [Sulaiman], 9/13/2020, prospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, preprint, 22 authors, dosage 400mg bid day 1, 200mg bid days 2-5. | risk of death, 63.7% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.01, treatment 7 of 1817 (0.4%), control 54 of 3724 (1.5%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| risk of hospitalization, 38.6% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.001, treatment 171 of 1817 (9.4%), control 617 of 3724 (16.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. | |
| [Szente Fonseca], 10/31/2020, retrospective, Brazil, South America, peer-reviewed, mean age 50.6, 10 authors, dosage 400mg bid day 1, 400mg qd days 2-5. | risk of hospitalization, 64.0% lower, RR 0.36, p < 0.001, treatment 25 of 175 (14.3%), control 89 of 542 (16.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ vs. nothing. |
| risk of hospitalization, 50.5% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.006, treatment 25 of 175 (14.3%), control 89 of 542 (16.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ vs. anything else. | |
| [Yu], 8/3/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, preprint, median age 62.0, 6 authors, early treatment subset, dosage 200mg bid days 1-10. | risk of death, 85.0% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.02, treatment 1 of 73 (1.4%), control 238 of 2604 (9.1%), HCQ treatment started early vs. non-HCQ. |
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules as detailed above
and gives priority to more serious outcomes. Only the first (most serious)
outcome is used in calculations, which may differ from the effect a paper
focuses on.
| [Abd-Elsalam], 8/14/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Egypt, Africa, peer-reviewed, 10 authors. | risk of death, 20.0% higher, RR 1.20, p = 1.00, treatment 6 of 97 (6.2%), control 5 of 97 (5.2%). |
| risk of no recovery at day 28, 30.0% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.009, treatment 45 of 97 (46.4%), control 64 of 97 (66.0%). | |
| [Abdulrahman], 11/30/2020, retrospective, propensity score matching, Bahrain, Middle East, preprint, 9 authors. | risk of death, 16.7% lower, RR 0.83, p = 1.00, treatment 5 of 223 (2.2%), control 6 of 223 (2.7%), PSM. |
| risk of combined intubation/death, 75.0% higher, RR 1.75, p = 0.24, treatment 12 of 223 (5.4%), control 7 of 223 (3.1%), adjusted per study, PSM. | |
| [Ader], 10/6/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, multiple regions, preprint, baseline oxygen requirements 95.4%, 52 authors. | risk of death at day 29, 6.4% lower, RR 0.94, p = 1.00, treatment 11 of 145 (7.6%), control 12 of 148 (8.1%). |
| [Aghajani], 4/29/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 7 authors. | risk of death, 19.5% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.09, treatment 553, control 438, multivariate Cox proportional regression. |
| [Alamdari], 9/9/2020, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 14 authors. | risk of death, 55.0% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.03, treatment 427, control 32. |
| [Albani], 8/30/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 11 authors. | risk of death, 18.4% lower, RR 0.82, p = 0.05, treatment 60 of 211 (28.4%), control 172 of 605 (28.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ vs. neither. |
| risk of death, 9.0% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.38, treatment 60 of 211 (28.4%), control 172 of 605 (28.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ+AZ vs. neither. | |
| risk of ICU admission, 9.2% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.68, treatment 73 of 211 (34.6%), control 46 of 605 (7.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ vs. neither. | |
| risk of ICU admission, 71.3% higher, RR 1.71, p < 0.001, treatment 73 of 211 (34.6%), control 46 of 605 (7.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ+AZ vs. neither. | |
| [Alberici], 5/10/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 31 authors. | risk of death, 42.9% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.12, treatment 17 of 72 (23.6%), control 9 of 22 (40.9%), odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Alghamdi], 8/4/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 1 author. | risk of death, 39.2% higher, RR 1.39, p = 0.52, treatment 29 of 128 (22.7%), control 7 of 43 (16.3%). |
| [Alghamdi (B)], 3/31/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 10 authors. | risk of death, 6.9% higher, RR 1.07, p = 0.88, treatment 44 of 568 (7.7%), control 15 of 207 (7.2%). |
| [Almazrou], 10/1/2020, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 5 authors. | risk of mechanical ventilation, 65.0% lower, RR 0.35, p = 0.16, treatment 3 of 95 (3.2%), control 6 of 66 (9.1%). |
| risk of ICU admission, 21.0% lower, RR 0.79, p = 0.78, treatment 8 of 95 (8.4%), control 7 of 66 (10.6%). | |
| [Alqassieh], 12/10/2020, prospective, Jordan, Middle East, preprint, 10 authors. | hospitalization time, 18.2% lower, relative time 0.82, p = 0.11, treatment 63, control 68. |
| [An], 7/7/2020, retrospective, South Korea, Asia, preprint, 12 authors. | time to viral clearance, 3.0% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.92, treatment 31, control 195. |
| [Annie], 10/12/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 5 authors. | risk of death, 4.3% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.83, treatment 48 of 367 (13.1%), control 50 of 367 (13.6%), odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| risk of death, 20.5% higher, RR 1.21, p = 0.46, treatment 29 of 199 (14.6%), control 24 of 199 (12.1%), odds ratio converted to relative risk. | |
| [Aparisi], 10/8/2020, prospective, Spain, Europe, preprint, 18 authors. | risk of death, 63.0% lower, RR 0.37, p = 0.008, treatment 122 of 605 (20.2%), control 27 of 49 (55.1%). |
| [Arshad], 7/1/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 12 authors. | risk of death, 51.3% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.009, treatment 162 of 1202 (13.5%), control 108 of 409 (26.4%). |
| [Ashinyo], 9/15/2020, retrospective, Ghana, Africa, peer-reviewed, 16 authors. | hospitalization time, 33.0% lower, relative time 0.67, p = 0.03, treatment 61, control 61. |
| [Auld], 4/26/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 14 authors. | risk of death, 2.8% higher, RR 1.03, p = 1.00, treatment 33 of 114 (28.9%), control 29 of 103 (28.2%). |
| [Awad], 2/18/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 4 authors. | risk of death, 19.1% higher, RR 1.19, p = 0.60, treatment 56 of 188 (29.8%), control 37 of 148 (25.0%). |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 460.7% higher, RR 5.61, p < 0.001, treatment 64 of 188 (34.0%), control 9 of 148 (6.1%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. | |
| risk of ICU admission, 463.4% higher, RR 5.63, p < 0.001, treatment 67 of 188 (35.6%), control 9 of 148 (6.1%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. | |
| [Ayerbe], 9/30/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 3 authors. | risk of death, 52.2% lower, RR 0.48, p < 0.001, treatment 237 of 1857 (12.8%), control 49 of 162 (30.2%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Barbosa], 4/12/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, preprint, 5 authors. | risk of death, 147.0% higher, RR 2.47, p = 0.58, treatment 2 of 17 (11.8%), control 1 of 21 (4.8%). |
| [Barra], 7/31/2021, retrospective, Argentina, South America, preprint, 12 authors. | risk of death, 10.8% lower, RR 0.89, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 18 (11.1%), control 81 of 650 (12.5%), unadjusted. |
| [Barrat-Due], 7/13/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Norway, Europe, peer-reviewed, 41 authors. | risk of death, 120.0% higher, RR 2.20, p = 0.35, treatment 4 of 45 (8.9%), control 2 of 48 (4.2%), adjusted per study. |
| [Barry], 3/23/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 14 authors. | risk of death, 98.9% lower, RR 0.01, p = 0.60, treatment 0 of 6 (0.0%), control 91 of 599 (15.2%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). |
| [Berenguer], 8/3/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. | risk of death, 18.2% lower, RR 0.82, p < 0.001, treatment 681 of 2618 (26.0%), control 438 of 1377 (31.8%). |
| [Bernaola], 7/21/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, preprint, 7 authors. | risk of death, 17.0% lower, RR 0.83, p < 0.001, treatment 236 of 1498 (15.8%), control 28 of 147 (19.0%). |
| [Bielza], 12/11/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, median age 87.0, 24 authors. | risk of death, 21.5% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.09, treatment 33 of 91 (36.3%), control 249 of 539 (46.2%). |
| [Boari], 11/17/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 20 authors. | risk of death, 54.5% lower, RR 0.45, p < 0.001, treatment 41 of 202 (20.3%), control 25 of 56 (44.6%). |
| [Bosaeed], 4/30/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 30 authors. | risk of death, 3.7% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.91, treatment 14 of 125 (11.2%), control 15 of 129 (11.6%), 90 days. |
| risk of death, 28.6% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.45, treatment 9 of 125 (7.2%), control 13 of 129 (10.1%), 28 days. | |
| risk of death, 65.1% higher, RR 1.65, p = 0.68, treatment 8 of 125 (6.4%), control 5 of 129 (3.9%), 14 days. | |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 8.4% higher, RR 1.08, p = 0.78, treatment 21 of 125 (16.8%), control 20 of 129 (15.5%). | |
| risk of ICU admission, 31.0% higher, RR 1.31, p = 0.24, treatment 33 of 125 (26.4%), control 26 of 129 (20.2%). | |
| recovery time, 28.6% higher, relative time 1.29, p = 0.29, treatment 125, control 129. | |
| hospitalization time, 12.5% higher, relative time 1.12, p = 0.42, treatment 125, control 129. | |
| risk of no virological cure, 2.6% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.75, treatment 100 of 125 (80.0%), control 106 of 129 (82.2%). | |
| [Bousquet], 6/23/2020, prospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors. | risk of death, 42.8% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.15, treatment 5 of 27 (18.5%), control 23 of 81 (28.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Budhiraja], 11/18/2020, retrospective, India, South Asia, preprint, 12 authors. | risk of death, 65.4% lower, RR 0.35, p < 0.001, treatment 69 of 834 (8.3%), control 34 of 142 (23.9%). |
| [Burdick], 11/26/2020, prospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 14 authors. | risk of death, 59.0% higher, RR 1.59, p = 0.12, treatment 142, control 148, adjusted per study, all patients. |
| risk of death, 71.0% lower, RR 0.29, p = 0.01, treatment 26, control 17, adjusted per study, subgroup of patients where treatment is predicted to be beneficial. | |
| [Byakika-Kibwika], 6/4/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Uganda, Africa, preprint, 17 authors. | recovery time, no change, relative time 1.00, p = 0.91, treatment 36, control 29. |
| relative improvement in Ct value, 29.3% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.47, treatment 15, control 15. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 2.6% higher, RR 1.03, p = 1.00, treatment 35 of 55 (63.6%), control 31 of 50 (62.0%), day 6. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 6.7% higher, RR 1.07, p = 0.85, treatment 27 of 55 (49.1%), control 23 of 50 (46.0%), day 10. | |
| [Cangiano], 12/22/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 14 authors. | risk of death, 73.4% lower, RR 0.27, p = 0.03, treatment 5 of 33 (15.2%), control 37 of 65 (56.9%). |
| [Capsoni], 12/1/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, preprint, 13 authors. | risk of mechanical ventilation, 40.0% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.30, treatment 12 of 40 (30.0%), control 6 of 12 (50.0%). |
| [Catteau], 8/24/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Belgium, Europe, peer-reviewed, 11 authors. | risk of death, 32.0% lower, RR 0.68, p < 0.001, treatment 804 of 4542 (17.7%), control 957 of 3533 (27.1%). |
| [Cavalcanti], 7/23/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, South America, peer-reviewed, baseline oxygen requirements 41.8%, 14 authors. | risk of death, 16.0% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.77, treatment 8 of 331 (2.4%), control 5 of 173 (2.9%), HCQ+HCQ/AZ. |
| risk of hospitalization, 28.0% higher, RR 1.28, p = 0.30, treatment 331, control 173, HCQ+HCQ/AZ. | |
| [Chari], 12/24/2020, retrospective, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, median age 69.0, 25 authors. | risk of death, 33.1% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.17, treatment 8 of 29 (27.6%), control 195 of 473 (41.2%). |
| [Chen (B)], 7/10/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Taiwan, Asia, peer-reviewed, 19 authors. | risk of no virological cure, 24.0% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.71, treatment 4 of 21 (19.0%), control 3 of 12 (25.0%), day 14. |
| median time to PCR-, 50.0% lower, relative time 0.50, p = 0.40, treatment 21, control 12. | |
| [Chen (C)], 7/10/2020, retrospective, Taiwan, Asia, peer-reviewed, 19 authors. | risk of no virological cure, 29.0% higher, RR 1.29, p = 0.70, treatment 16 of 28 (57.1%), control 4 of 9 (44.4%), day 14. |
| [Chen (D)], 3/31/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, China, Asia, preprint, 9 authors. | risk of no improvement in pneumonia at day 6, 57.0% lower, RR 0.43, p = 0.04, treatment 6 of 31 (19.4%), control 14 of 31 (45.2%). |
| [Chen (E)], 3/6/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 14 authors. | risk of radiological progression, 29.0% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.57, treatment 5 of 15 (33.3%), control 7 of 15 (46.7%). |
| risk of viral+ at day 7, 100% higher, RR 2.00, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 15 (13.3%), control 1 of 15 (6.7%). | |
| [Choi], 10/27/2020, retrospective, database analysis, South Korea, Asia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. | median time to PCR-, 22.0% higher, relative time 1.22, p < 0.001, treatment 701, control 701. |
| [Coll], 10/23/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, median age 61.0, 29 authors. | risk of death, 45.6% lower, RR 0.54, p < 0.001, treatment 55 of 307 (17.9%), control 108 of 328 (32.9%). |
| [Cravedi], 7/10/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, mean age 60.0, 25 authors. | risk of death, 53.0% higher, RR 1.53, p = 0.17, treatment 36 of 101 (35.6%), control 10 of 43 (23.3%). |
| [D'Arminio Monforte], 7/29/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, preprint, 5 authors. | risk of death, 34.0% lower, RR 0.66, p = 0.12, treatment 53 of 197 (26.9%), control 47 of 92 (51.1%), adjusted per study. |
| [Davido], 8/2/2020, retrospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 14 authors. | risk of combined intubation/hospitalization, 55.0% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.04, treatment 12 of 80 (15.0%), control 13 of 40 (32.5%). |
| [De Luna], 12/14/2020, retrospective, Dominican Republic, Caribbean, preprint, 10 authors. | risk of death, 104.5% higher, RR 2.05, p = 0.69, treatment 15 of 132 (11.4%), control 1 of 18 (5.6%). |
| [De Rosa], 5/1/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 20 authors. | risk of death, 35.0% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.003, treatment 118 of 731 (16.1%), control 80 of 280 (28.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate logistic regression, patients alive at day 7. |
| risk of death, 36.0% lower, RR 0.64, treatment 207 of 1019 (20.3%), control 215 of 519 (41.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate logistic regression, all patients. | |
| [Di Castelnuovo], 1/29/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 112 authors. | risk of death, 40.0% lower, RR 0.60, p < 0.001, treatment 3270, control 1000, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate Cox proportional hazards model 4, control prevalence approximated with overall prevalence. |
| [Di Castelnuovo (B)], 8/25/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 110 authors. | risk of death, 30.0% lower, RR 0.70, p < 0.001, treatment 386 of 2634 (14.7%), control 90 of 817 (11.0%), adjusted per study. |
| [Dubee], 10/21/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, median age 77.0, 18 authors. | risk of death at day 28, 46.0% lower, RR 0.54, p = 0.21, treatment 6 of 124 (4.8%), control 11 of 123 (8.9%). |
| risk of combined intubation/death at day 28, 26.0% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.48, treatment 9 of 124 (7.3%), control 12 of 123 (9.8%). | |
| [Dubernet], 8/20/2020, retrospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, median age 66.0, 20 authors. | risk of ICU admission, 87.6% lower, RR 0.12, p = 0.008, treatment 1 of 17 (5.9%), control 9 of 19 (47.4%). |
| [Falcone], 11/19/2020, prospective, propensity score matching, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 19 authors. | risk of death, 65.0% lower, RR 0.35, p = 0.20, treatment 40 of 238 (16.8%), control 30 of 77 (39.0%), adjusted per study, PSM. |
| risk of death, 25.0% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.36, treatment 40 of 238 (16.8%), control 30 of 77 (39.0%), adjusted per study, multivariate Cox regression. | |
| risk of death, 57.0% lower, RR 0.43, p < 0.001, treatment 40 of 238 (16.8%), control 30 of 77 (39.0%), adjusted per study, univariate Cox regression. | |
| [Faíco-Filho], 6/21/2020, prospective, Brazil, South America, peer-reviewed, median age 58.0, 6 authors. | Δt7-12 ΔCt improvement, 80.8% lower, relative rate 0.19, p = 0.40, treatment 34, control 32. |
| Δt<7 ΔCt improvement, 24.0% lower, relative rate 0.76, p = 0.36, treatment 34, control 32. | |
| Δt>12 ΔCt improvement, 15.0% higher, relative rate 1.15, p = 0.52, treatment 34, control 32. | |
| [Fontana], 6/22/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. | risk of death, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.53, treatment 4 of 12 (33.3%), control 2 of 3 (66.7%). |
| [Fried], 8/28/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 11 authors. | risk of death, 27.0% higher, RR 1.27, p < 0.001, treatment 1048 of 4232 (24.8%), control 1466 of 7489 (19.6%). |
| [Frontera], 10/26/2020, retrospective, propensity score matching, USA, North America, preprint, median age 64.0, 14 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with zinc) - results of individual treatments may vary. | risk of death, 37.0% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.01, treatment 121 of 1006 (12.0%), control 424 of 2467 (17.2%), adjusted per study, PSM. |
| risk of death, 24.0% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.02, treatment 121 of 1006 (12.0%), control 424 of 2467 (17.2%), adjusted per study, regression. | |
| [Gadhiya], 4/8/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 4 authors. | risk of death, 4.8% higher, RR 1.05, p = 0.89, treatment 22 of 55 (40.0%), control 33 of 216 (15.3%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate logistic regression. |
| [Geleris], 5/7/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 12 authors. | risk of combined intubation/death, 4.0% higher, RR 1.04, p = 0.76, treatment 262 of 811 (32.3%), control 84 of 565 (14.9%), adjusted per study. |
| [Gerlovin], 6/24/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 21 authors. | risk of death, 22.0% higher, RR 1.22, p = 0.18, treatment 90 of 429 (21.0%), control 141 of 770 (18.3%), adjusted per study, HCQ+AZ. |
| risk of death, 21.0% higher, RR 1.21, p = 0.33, treatment 49 of 228 (21.5%), control 141 of 770 (18.3%), adjusted per study, HCQ. | |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 55.0% higher, RR 1.55, p = 0.02, treatment 64 of 429 (14.9%), control 69 of 770 (9.0%), adjusted per study, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 33.0% higher, RR 1.33, p = 0.25, treatment 32 of 228 (14.0%), control 69 of 770 (9.0%), adjusted per study, HCQ. | |
| [Goldman], 5/27/2020, retrospective, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, 26 authors. | risk of death, 22.3% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.46, treatment 10 of 109 (9.2%), control 34 of 288 (11.8%). |
| [Gonzalez], 2/23/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Mexico, North America, preprint, mean age 53.8, 13 authors. | risk of death, 62.6% lower, RR 0.37, p = 0.27, treatment 2 of 33 (6.1%), control 6 of 37 (16.2%). |
| risk of respiratory deterioration or death, 25.3% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.57, treatment 6 of 33 (18.2%), control 9 of 37 (24.3%). | |
| risk of no hospital discharge, 12.1% higher, RR 1.12, p = 1.00, treatment 3 of 33 (9.1%), control 3 of 37 (8.1%). | |
| [Gonzalez (B)], 8/21/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Spain, Europe, preprint, 25 authors. | risk of death, 26.6% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.06, treatment 1246 of 8476 (14.7%), control 341 of 1168 (29.2%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Guglielmetti], 12/9/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 16 authors. | risk of death, 35.0% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.22, treatment 181, control 37, adjusted per study, multivariable Cox. |
| [Guisado-Vasco (B)], 10/15/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, median age 69.0, 25 authors. | risk of death, 20.3% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.36, treatment 127 of 558 (22.8%), control 14 of 49 (28.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Gupta], 7/15/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, baseline oxygen requirements 87.1%, 34 authors. | risk of death, 6.0% higher, RR 1.06, p = 0.41, treatment 631 of 1761 (35.8%), control 153 of 454 (33.7%). |
| [Güner], 12/29/2020, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 23 authors. | risk of ICU admission, 77.3% lower, RR 0.23, p = 0.16, treatment 604, control 100, IPTW multivariate analysis. |
| [Heberto], 9/12/2020, prospective, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. | risk of death, 53.6% lower, RR 0.46, p = 0.04, treatment 139, control 115, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 65.6% lower, RR 0.34, p = 0.008, odds ratio converted to relative risk. | |
| [Hernandez-Cardenas], 2/5/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Mexico, North America, preprint, 6 authors. | risk of death, 12.0% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.66, treatment 106, control 108. |
| risk of death, 57.0% lower, RR 0.43, p = 0.29, subgroup not intubated at baseline. | |
| [Hraiech], 5/24/2020, retrospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. | risk of death, 64.7% lower, RR 0.35, p = 0.21, treatment 2 of 17 (11.8%), control 5 of 15 (33.3%), day 38 +- 7. |
| risk of death, 376.5% higher, RR 4.76, p = 0.49, treatment 2 of 17 (11.8%), control 0 of 15 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), day 6 from ARDS. | |
| risk of no virological cure, 2.9% higher, RR 1.03, p = 1.00, treatment 14 of 17 (82.4%), control 8 of 10 (80.0%), day 6 from treatment. | |
| [Huang (D)], 5/28/2020, prospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 36 authors. | time to viral-, 67.0% lower, relative time 0.33, p < 0.001, treatment 197, control 176. |
| time to viral-, 59.1% lower, relative time 0.41, p < 0.001, treatment 32, control 37, early treatment. | |
| [Ip (B)], 5/25/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 32 authors. | risk of death, 1.0% lower, RR 0.99, p = 0.93, treatment 432 of 1914 (22.6%), control 115 of 598 (19.2%), adjusted per study. |
| [Izoulet], 4/21/2020, retrospective, multiple countries, multiple regions, preprint, 1 author, dosage not specified. | risk of death, 85.0% lower, RR 0.15, p < 0.001. |
| [Jacobs], 7/6/2021, prospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 14 authors. | risk of death, 6.6% lower, RR 0.93, p = 0.74, treatment 24 of 46 (52.2%), control 86 of 154 (55.8%). |
| [Johnston], 12/9/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 30 authors, dosage 400mg bid day 1, 200mg bid days 2-10. | risk of hospitalization, 29.9% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.73, treatment 5 of 148 (3.4%), control 4 of 83 (4.8%), HCQ + folic acid and HCQ + AZ vs. vitamin C + folic acid. |
| risk of no recovery, 2.0% lower, RR 0.98, p = 0.95, treatment 30 of 60 (50.0%), control 34 of 72 (47.2%), adjusted per study, HCQ + folic acid vs. vitamin C + folic acid. | |
| risk of no recovery, 9.9% higher, RR 1.10, p = 0.70, treatment 34 of 65 (52.3%), control 34 of 72 (47.2%), adjusted per study, HCQ + AZ vs. vitamin C + folic acid. | |
| time to viral-, 28.6% lower, relative time 0.71, treatment 49, control 52, median time, HCQ + folic acid vs. vitamin C + folic acid. | |
| time to viral-, 14.3% lower, relative time 0.86, treatment 51, control 52, median time, HCQ + AZ vs. vitamin C + folic acid. | |
| risk of no virological cure, 38.3% lower, RR 0.62, p = 0.05, treatment 6 of 49 (12.2%), control 12 of 52 (23.1%), adjusted per study, HCQ + folic acid vs. vitamin C + folic acid. | |
| risk of no virological cure, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.49, treatment 11 of 51 (21.6%), control 12 of 52 (23.1%), adjusted per study, HCQ + AZ vs. vitamin C + folic acid. | |
| [Kalligeros], 8/5/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 13 authors. | risk of death, 67.0% higher, RR 1.67, p = 0.57, treatment 36, control 72. |
| [Kamran], 8/4/2020, prospective, Pakistan, South Asia, preprint, 10 authors. | risk of disease progression, 5.0% lower, RR 0.95, p = 1.00, treatment 11 of 349 (3.2%), control 5 of 151 (3.3%). |
| risk of disease progression, 54.8% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.30, treatment 4 of 31 (12.9%), control 2 of 7 (28.6%), with comorbidities. | |
| risk of viral+ at day 14, 10.0% higher, RR 1.10, p = 0.52, treatment 349, control 151. | |
| [Kelly], 7/22/2020, retrospective, Ireland, Europe, peer-reviewed, 14 authors. | risk of death, 143.0% higher, RR 2.43, p = 0.03, treatment 23 of 82 (28.0%), control 6 of 52 (11.5%). |
| [Kim], 5/18/2020, retrospective, South Korea, Asia, preprint, 11 authors. | hospitalization time, 51.0% lower, relative time 0.49, p = 0.01, treatment 22, control 40. |
| time to viral-, 56.0% lower, relative time 0.44, p = 0.005, treatment 22, control 40. | |
| [Kokturk], 4/28/2021, retrospective, database analysis, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 68 authors. | risk of death, 3.8% higher, RR 1.04, p = 0.97, treatment 62 of 1382 (4.5%), control 5 of 118 (4.2%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Komissarov], 6/30/2020, retrospective, Russia, Europe, preprint, 8 authors. | risk of viral load, 25.0% higher, RR 1.25, p = 0.45, treatment 26, control 10. |
| [Krishnan], 7/20/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 13 authors, dosage not specified. | risk of death, 20.4% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.48, treatment 86 of 144 (59.7%), control 6 of 8 (75.0%). |
| [Kuderer], 5/28/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 73 authors. | risk of death, 134.2% higher, RR 2.34, p < 0.001, treatment 45 of 181 (24.9%), control 121 of 928 (13.0%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, HCQ+AZ. |
| [Lagier], 6/4/2021, retrospective, France, Europe, preprint, 32 authors. | risk of death, 32.0% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.004, treatment 93 of 1270 (7.3%), control 146 of 841 (17.4%), adjusted per study, weighted multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. |
| [Lagier (B)], 6/25/2020, retrospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 22 authors, dosage 200mg tid days 1-10. | risk of death, 59.0% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.05, treatment 35 of 3119 (1.1%), control 58 of 618 (9.4%), adjusted per study. |
| [Lamback], 2/19/2021, retrospective, Brazil, South America, peer-reviewed, 10 authors. | risk of death, 8.9% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.83, treatment 11 of 101 (10.9%), control 11 of 92 (12.0%). |
| risk of ICU admission, 19.9% higher, RR 1.20, p = 0.61, treatment 25 of 101 (24.8%), control 19 of 92 (20.7%). | |
| hospitalization time, 12.5% lower, relative time 0.88, treatment 101, control 92. | |
| [Lambermont], 11/28/2020, retrospective, Belgium, Europe, peer-reviewed, 15 authors. | risk of death, 32.3% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.46, treatment 97 of 225 (43.1%), control 14 of 22 (63.6%), adjusted per study. |
| [Lammers], 9/29/2020, prospective, Netherlands, Europe, peer-reviewed, 18 authors. | risk of combined death/ICU, 32.0% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.02, treatment 30 of 189 (15.9%), control 101 of 498 (20.3%), adjusted per study. |
| [Lano], 10/21/2020, retrospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, median age 73.5, 30 authors. | risk of death, 33.1% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.28, treatment 56, control 66, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| risk of combined death/ICU, 38.9% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.23, treatment 17 of 56 (30.4%), control 28 of 66 (42.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. | |
| risk of combined death/ICU, 68.7% lower, RR 0.31, p = 0.11, treatment 4 of 36 (11.1%), control 11 of 31 (35.5%), not requiring O2 on diagnosis (relatively early treatment). | |
| [Lauriola], 9/14/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, mean age 71.8, 10 authors. | risk of death, 73.5% lower, RR 0.27, p < 0.001, treatment 102 of 297 (34.3%), control 35 of 63 (55.6%), adjusted per study. |
| [Lecronier], 7/11/2020, retrospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, baseline oxygen requirements 100.0%, 25 authors, HCQ vs. control. | risk of death, 42.0% lower, RR 0.58, p = 0.24, treatment 9 of 38 (23.7%), control 9 of 22 (40.9%). |
| risk of treatment escalation, 6.0% lower, RR 0.94, p = 0.73, treatment 15 of 38 (39.5%), control 9 of 22 (40.9%). | |
| risk of viral+ at day 7, 15.0% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.61, treatment 19 of 26 (73.1%), control 12 of 14 (85.7%). | |
| [Li], 1/18/2021, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 21 authors. | risk of no hospital discharge, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.08, treatment 14, control 14, RCT patients vs. matched sample of non-treated patients. |
| [Li (B)], 1/12/2021, retrospective, database analysis, China, Asia, preprint, 5 authors. | time to viral-, 40.0% higher, relative time 1.40, p = 0.06, treatment 18, control 19. |
| [Lora-Tamayo], 2/11/2021, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors. | risk of death, 50.5% lower, RR 0.50, p < 0.001, treatment 7192, control 1361, odds ratio converted to relative risk, univariate. |
| [Lotfy], 1/1/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, peer-reviewed, mean age 55.0, 3 authors. | risk of death, 24.8% higher, RR 1.25, p = 0.76, treatment 6 of 99 (6.1%), control 5 of 103 (4.9%). |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 41.2% higher, RR 1.41, p = 0.34, treatment 19 of 99 (19.2%), control 14 of 103 (13.6%). | |
| risk of ICU admission, 16.5% higher, RR 1.17, p = 0.53, treatment 28 of 99 (28.3%), control 25 of 103 (24.3%). | |
| [Luo], 6/17/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 31 authors. | risk of death, 2.2% higher, RR 1.02, p = 0.99, treatment 11 of 35 (31.4%), control 4 of 13 (30.8%), odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Lyngbakken], 7/17/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Norway, Europe, peer-reviewed, median age 62.0, 11 authors. | risk of death, 3.7% lower, RR 0.96, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 27 (3.7%), control 1 of 26 (3.8%). |
| improvement in viral load reduction rate, 71.0% lower, relative rate 0.29, p = 0.51, treatment 27, control 26. | |
| [López], 11/2/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 7 authors. | risk of disease progression, 64.3% lower, RR 0.36, p = 0.02, treatment 5 of 36 (13.9%), control 14 of 36 (38.9%). |
| [Magagnoli], 4/21/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 7 authors. | risk of death, 11.0% lower, RR 0.89, p = 0.74, treatment 39 of 148 (26.4%), control 18 of 163 (11.0%), adjusted per study, HCQ+AZ w/dispositions. |
| risk of death, 1.0% lower, RR 0.99, p = 0.98, treatment 30 of 114 (26.3%), control 18 of 163 (11.0%), adjusted per study, HCQ w/dispositions. | |
| risk of death, 31.0% higher, RR 1.31, p = 0.28, treatment 49 of 214 (22.9%), control 37 of 395 (9.4%), adjusted per study, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of death, 83.0% higher, RR 1.83, p = 0.009, treatment 38 of 198 (19.2%), control 37 of 395 (9.4%), adjusted per study, HCQ. | |
| [Mahévas], 5/14/2020, retrospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 34 authors. | risk of death, 20.0% higher, RR 1.20, p = 0.75, treatment 9 of 84 (10.7%), control 8 of 89 (9.0%), adjusted per study. |
| [Maldonado], 11/5/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors. | risk of death, 90.9% lower, RR 0.09, p = 0.17, treatment 1 of 11 (9.1%), control 1 of 1 (100.0%). |
| [Mallat], 5/2/2020, retrospective, Abu Dhabi, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. | time to viral-, 203.0% higher, relative time 3.03, p = 0.02, treatment 23, control 11. |
| [Martin-Vicente], 3/8/2021, retrospective, Spain, Europe, preprint, 38 authors. | risk of death, 59.3% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.41, treatment 37 of 91 (40.7%), control 1 of 1 (100.0%). |
| [Martinez-Lopez], 6/30/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, median age 71.0, 25 authors. | risk of death, 33.0% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.20, treatment 47 of 148 (31.8%), control 9 of 19 (47.4%). |
| [Matangila], 12/18/2020, retrospective, DR Congo, Africa, peer-reviewed, median age 54.0, 12 authors. | risk of death, 54.9% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.21, treatment 25 of 147 (17.0%), control 8 of 13 (61.5%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [McGrail], 7/19/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, preprint, 2 authors. | risk of death, 70.0% higher, RR 1.70, p = 0.69, treatment 4 of 33 (12.1%), control 3 of 42 (7.1%). |
| [Membrillo de Novales], 5/5/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, preprint, 19 authors. | risk of death, 55.1% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.002, treatment 27 of 123 (22.0%), control 21 of 43 (48.8%). |
| [Mikami], 6/30/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 7 authors. | risk of death, 47.0% lower, RR 0.53, p < 0.001, treatment 575 of 2077 (27.7%), control 231 of 743 (31.1%), adjusted per study. |
| [Modrák], 12/4/2020, retrospective, Czech Republic, Europe, preprint, 26 authors. | risk of death, 59.0% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.04, treatment 108, control 105, Cox (single). |
| [Mohandas], 4/26/2021, retrospective, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 6 authors. | risk of death, 81.0% higher, RR 1.81, p = 0.007, treatment 27 of 384 (7.0%), control 115 of 2961 (3.9%). |
| [Nachega], 10/2/2020, retrospective, database analysis, DR Congo, Africa, peer-reviewed, median age 46.0, 25 authors. | risk of death, 27.6% lower, RR 0.72, p = 0.17, treatment 69 of 630 (11.0%), control 28 of 96 (29.2%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| risk of no improvement, 25.8% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.13, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. | |
| [Naseem], 12/14/2020, retrospective, Pakistan, South Asia, preprint, 5 authors. | risk of death, 33.3% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.34, treatment 77, control 1137, multivariate Cox. |
| [Núñez-Gil], 11/9/2020, retrospective, database analysis, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, median age 68.0, 49 authors. | risk of death, 7.9% lower, RR 0.92, p = 0.005, treatment 200 of 686 (29.2%), control 100 of 268 (37.3%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Orioli], 12/14/2020, retrospective, Belgium, Europe, peer-reviewed, 9 authors. | risk of death, 12.7% lower, RR 0.87, p = 1.00, treatment 8 of 55 (14.5%), control 3 of 18 (16.7%). |
| [Ouedraogo], 2/5/2021, retrospective, Burkina Faso, Africa, peer-reviewed, 14 authors. | risk of death, 33.0% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.38, treatment 397, control 59, multivariate. |
| risk of ARDS, 68.0% lower, RR 0.32, p = 0.001, treatment 397, control 59, multivariate. | |
| [Ozturk], 12/4/2020, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 70 authors. | risk of death, 43.9% lower, RR 0.56, p = 0.14, treatment 165 of 1127 (14.6%), control 6 of 23 (26.1%), CQ/HCQ. |
| [Paccoud], 6/18/2020, retrospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 20 authors. | risk of death, 11.0% lower, RR 0.89, p = 0.88, treatment 21 of 38 (55.3%), control 26 of 46 (56.5%), adjusted per study. |
| [Pasquini], 8/23/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 9 authors. | risk of death, 16.4% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.34, treatment 23 of 33 (69.7%), control 15 of 18 (83.3%). |
| [Peng], 12/4/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 21 authors. | risk of disease progression, 10.8% lower, RR 0.89, p = 0.63, treatment 29 of 453 (6.4%), control 256 of 3567 (7.2%), CQ/HCQ risk of AKI. |
| [Peters], 8/15/2020, retrospective, Netherlands, Europe, peer-reviewed, 21 authors. | risk of death, 9.0% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.57, treatment 419 of 1596 (26.3%), control 53 of 353 (15.0%), adjusted per study. |
| [Pinato], 8/18/2020, retrospective, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, 64 authors. | risk of death, 59.0% lower, RR 0.41, p < 0.001, treatment 30 of 182 (16.5%), control 181 of 446 (40.6%). |
| [Psevdos], 12/31/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 3 authors. | risk of death, 63.5% higher, RR 1.63, p = 0.52, treatment 17 of 52 (32.7%), control 3 of 15 (20.0%). |
| [Purwati], 2/9/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Indonesia, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 12 authors. | risk of no virological cure, 66.3% lower, RR 0.34, p < 0.001, treatment 38 of 121 (31.4%), control 111 of 119 (93.3%). |
| [Qin], 11/23/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 17 authors. | risk of death, 34.3% lower, RR 0.66, p = 0.61, treatment 3 of 43 (7.0%), control 75 of 706 (10.6%). |
| [Ramírez-García], 5/31/2021, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors. | risk of death, 67.0% lower, RR 0.33, p < 0.001, treatment 48 of 350 (13.7%), control 22 of 53 (41.5%). |
| risk of ICU admission, 6.0% higher, RR 1.06, p = 1.00, treatment 35 of 350 (10.0%), control 5 of 53 (9.4%). | |
| [RECOVERY], 6/5/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, United Kingdom, Europe, preprint, 29 authors. | risk of death, 9.0% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.15, treatment 421 of 1561 (27.0%), control 790 of 3155 (25.0%). |
| [Reis], 4/22/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, South America, peer-reviewed, 18 authors, dosage 800mg day 1, 400mg days 2-10. | risk of death, 66.0% lower, RR 0.34, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 214 (0.0%), control 1 of 227 (0.4%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). |
| risk of hospitalization, 24.0% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.57, treatment 8 of 214 (3.7%), control 11 of 227 (4.8%), ITT, Cox proportional hazards. | |
| risk of no virological cure, 4.1% lower, RR 0.96, p < 0.001, treatment 97 of 185 (52.4%), control 102 of 179 (57.0%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, ITT, mixed-effect logistic model. | |
| [Rivera], 7/22/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 45 authors. | risk of death, 2.4% higher, RR 1.02, p = 0.90, treatment 44 of 179 (24.6%), control 59 of 327 (18.0%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Rivera-Izquierdo], 7/9/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 21 authors. | risk of death, 19.0% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.75, treatment 215, control 23. |
| [Rodriguez], 11/9/2020, prospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 13 authors. | risk of death, 59.0% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.23, treatment 8 of 39 (20.5%), control 2 of 4 (50.0%). |
| [Rodriguez-Gonzalez], 11/28/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 20 authors. | risk of death, 22.8% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.26, treatment 251 of 1148 (21.9%), control 17 of 60 (28.3%). |
| [Rodriguez-Nava], 11/5/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, median age 68.0, 8 authors. | risk of death, 6.3% higher, RR 1.06, p = 0.77, treatment 22 of 65 (33.8%), control 79 of 248 (31.9%), unadjusted. |
| [Rogado], 5/29/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 9 authors. | risk of death, 91.6% lower, RR 0.08, p = 0.02, treatment 1 of 8 (12.5%), control 7 of 9 (77.8%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate logistic regression. |
| [Roger], 7/10/2021, prospective, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 34 authors. | risk of death, no change, RR 1.00, p = 0.94, treatment 53 of 289 (18.3%), control 120 of 677 (17.7%), odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Roig], 1/31/2021, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 6 authors. | risk of death, 15.6% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.76, treatment 33 of 67 (49.3%), control 7 of 12 (58.3%). |
| [Roomi], 8/13/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 11 authors. | risk of death, 37.7% higher, RR 1.38, p = 0.54, treatment 13 of 144 (9.0%), control 6 of 32 (18.8%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Rosenberg], 5/11/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 14 authors. | risk of death, 35.0% higher, RR 1.35, p = 0.31, treatment 189 of 735 (25.7%), control 28 of 221 (12.7%), adjusted per study. |
| [Réa-Neto], 4/27/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Brazil, South America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors. | risk of death, 57.0% higher, RR 1.57, p = 0.20, treatment 16 of 53 (30.2%), control 10 of 52 (19.2%). |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 115.0% higher, RR 2.15, p = 0.03. | |
| 9-point scale clinical status, 147.0% higher, OR 2.47, p = 0.02. | |
| [Saib], 6/9/2021, prospective, propensity score matching, France, Europe, peer-reviewed, 9 authors. | risk of combined intubation/death, 125.0% higher, RR 2.25, p = 0.23, treatment 9 of 52 (17.3%), control 4 of 52 (7.7%), PSM. |
| [Salazar], 11/4/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 19 authors. | risk of death, 37.0% higher, RR 1.37, p = 0.28, treatment 12 of 92 (13.0%), control 80 of 811 (9.9%). |
| [Saleemi], 8/11/2020, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, preprint, 5 authors. | median time to PCR-, 21.0% higher, relative time 1.21, p < 0.05, treatment 65, control 20. |
| [Salvador], 3/4/2021, prospective, Portugal, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors. | risk of death, 32.9% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.007, treatment 28 of 121 (23.1%), control 58 of 124 (46.8%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate. |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 447.8% higher, RR 5.48, p = 0.003, treatment 32 of 121 (26.4%), control 12 of 124 (9.7%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate. | |
| risk of combined intubation/death, 16.7% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.02, treatment 51 of 121 (42.1%), control 63 of 124 (50.8%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, univariate. | |
| [Sammartino], 5/10/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 7 authors. | risk of death, 240.0% higher, RR 3.40, p = 0.002, treatment 137, control 191, PSM, model 1a. |
| [Sands], 1/1/2021, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 10 authors. | risk of death, 69.9% higher, RR 1.70, p = 0.01, treatment 101 of 973 (10.4%), control 56 of 696 (8.0%), odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Sarfaraz], 1/2/2021, retrospective, Pakistan, South Asia, preprint, 7 authors. | risk of death, 45.0% higher, RR 1.45, p = 0.07, treatment 40 of 94 (42.6%), control 27 of 92 (29.3%). |
| [Sbidian], 6/19/2020, retrospective, database analysis, France, Europe, preprint, 21 authors, whole population HCQ AIPTW adjusted. | risk of death, 5.0% higher, RR 1.05, p = 0.74, treatment 111 of 623 (17.8%), control 830 of 3792 (21.9%), adjusted per study. |
| risk of no hospital discharge, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.002, adjusted per study. | |
| [Schwartz], 6/18/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Canada, North America, peer-reviewed, 20 authors, dosage 800mg day 1, 400mg days 2-5. | risk of ICU admission, 133.3% higher, RR 2.33, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 111 (0.9%), control 0 of 37 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). |
| risk of hospitalization, 533.3% higher, RR 6.33, p = 0.57, treatment 4 of 111 (3.6%), control 0 of 37 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). | |
| risk of ICU admission, 141.9% higher, RR 2.42, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 74 (1.4%), control 0 of 31 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), per-protocol. | |
| risk of hospitalization, 141.9% higher, RR 2.42, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 74 (1.4%), control 0 of 31 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), per-protocol. | |
| [Self], 11/9/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 33 authors. | risk of death, 6.2% higher, RR 1.06, p = 0.84, treatment 25 of 241 (10.4%), control 25 of 236 (10.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Serrano], 9/22/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. | risk of death, 43.0% lower, RR 0.57, p = 0.14, treatment 6 of 14 (42.9%), control 6 of 8 (75.0%). |
| [Shabrawishi], 5/11/2020, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, preprint, mean age 43.9, 5 authors. | risk of no virological cure at day 5, 14.7% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.66, treatment 12 of 45 (26.7%), control 15 of 48 (31.2%). |
| [Sheshah], 11/13/2020, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. | risk of death, 80.0% lower, RR 0.20, p < 0.001, treatment 267, control 33, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Shoaibi], 9/24/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, preprint, 5 authors. | risk of death, 15.4% lower, RR 0.85, p < 0.001, treatment 686 of 5047 (13.6%), control 3923 of 24404 (16.1%). |
| [Signes-Costa], 12/16/2020, retrospective, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, 28 authors. | risk of death, 47.0% lower, RR 0.53, p < 0.001, treatment 4854, control 993, adjusted per study. |
| [Singh (B)], 6/8/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, South Asia, preprint, 13 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with ribavirin) - results of individual treatments may vary. | risk of death, 47.5% lower, RR 0.53, p = 0.45, treatment 3 of 20 (15.0%), control 6 of 21 (28.6%), severe. |
| risk of death, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.48, treatment 3 of 37 (8.1%), control 6 of 37 (16.2%), all patients. | |
| risk of no recovery, 14.1% lower, RR 0.86, p = 0.76, treatment 9 of 20 (45.0%), control 11 of 21 (52.4%), severe. | |
| risk of no recovery, 8.3% lower, RR 0.92, p = 1.00, treatment 11 of 37 (29.7%), control 12 of 37 (32.4%), all patients. | |
| [Singh], 5/19/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, preprint, 4 authors. | risk of death, 5.0% lower, RR 0.95, p = 0.72, treatment 104 of 910 (11.4%), control 109 of 910 (12.0%). |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 19.0% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.26, treatment 46 of 910 (5.1%), control 57 of 910 (6.3%). | |
| [Sivapalan], 6/3/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Denmark, Europe, peer-reviewed, 32 authors. | risk of death, 92.0% lower, RR 0.08, p = 0.32, treatment 1 of 61 (1.6%), control 2 of 56 (3.6%), adjusted per study. |
| risk of ICU admission, 22.4% higher, RR 1.22, p = 1.00, treatment 4 of 61 (6.6%), control 3 of 56 (5.4%). | |
| relative days alive and discharged from hospital within 14 days (inverse), 8.4% higher, RR 1.08, p = 0.36, treatment 61, control 56, adjusted per study. | |
| [Smith], 5/31/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, preprint, 4 authors. | risk of death, 27.2% lower, RR 0.73, p < 0.001, treatment 19 of 37 (51.4%), control 182 of 218 (83.5%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, >3g HCQ and >1g AZ, multivariable cox proportional hazard regression. |
| risk of death, 92.9% lower, RR 0.07, p < 0.001, ≥80mg/kg HCQ and >1g AZ. | |
| [Solh], 10/20/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, preprint, 5 authors. | risk of death, 18.0% higher, RR 1.18, p = 0.17, treatment 131 of 265 (49.4%), control 134 of 378 (35.4%), adjusted per study. |
| [SOLIDARITY], 10/15/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, baseline oxygen requirements 64.0%, 15 authors. | risk of death, 19.0% higher, RR 1.19, p = 0.23, treatment 104 of 947 (11.0%), control 84 of 906 (9.3%). |
| [Sosa-García], 6/29/2020, retrospective, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, baseline oxygen requirements 100.0%, 6 authors. | risk of death, 10.5% higher, RR 1.11, p = 1.00, treatment 7 of 38 (18.4%), control 3 of 18 (16.7%). |
| [Soto-Becerra], 10/8/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Peru, South America, preprint, median age 59.4, 4 authors. | risk of death, 18.1% lower, RR 0.82, p < 0.001, treatment 346 of 692 (50.0%), control 1606 of 2630 (61.1%), day 54 (last day available) weighted KM. |
| risk of death, 84.0% higher, RR 1.84, p = 0.02, treatment 165 of 692 (23.8%), control 401 of 2630 (15.2%), adjusted per study, day 30. | |
| [Stewart], 3/17/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 37 authors. | risk of death, 18.0% higher, RR 1.18, p = 0.27, treatment 90 of 429 (21.0%), control 141 of 737 (19.1%), adjusted per study, VA, HCQ+AZ. |
| risk of death, 1.0% lower, RR 0.99, p = 0.95, treatment 66 of 578 (11.4%), control 188 of 1243 (15.1%), adjusted per study, TriNetX, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of death, 129.9% higher, RR 2.30, p < 0.001, treatment 32 of 108 (29.6%), control 33 of 256 (12.9%), Synapse, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of death, 9.0% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.65, treatment 212 of 1157 (18.3%), control 203 of 1101 (18.4%), adjusted per study, Health Catalyst, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of death, 90.0% higher, RR 1.90, p = 0.09, treatment 46 of 208 (22.1%), control 47 of 1334 (3.5%), adjusted per study, Dascena, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of death, 16.0% higher, RR 1.16, p = 0.26, treatment 428 of 1711 (25.0%), control 123 of 688 (17.9%), adjusted per study, COTA/HMH, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 29.0% higher, RR 1.29, p = 0.09, treatment 48 of 305 (15.7%), control 95 of 1302 (7.3%), adjusted per study, Aetion, HCQ. | |
| [Stewart (B)], 3/17/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 37 authors. | risk of mechanical ventilation, 29.0% higher, RR 1.29, p = 0.09, treatment 48 of 305 (15.7%), control 95 of 1302 (7.3%), adjusted per study, Aetion, HCQ. |
| [Stewart (C)], 3/17/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 37 authors. | risk of death, 16.0% higher, RR 1.16, p = 0.26, treatment 428 of 1711 (25.0%), control 123 of 688 (17.9%), adjusted per study, COTA/HMH, HCQ+AZ. |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 29.0% higher, RR 1.29, p = 0.09, treatment 48 of 305 (15.7%), control 95 of 1302 (7.3%), adjusted per study, Aetion, HCQ. | |
| [Stewart (D)], 3/17/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 37 authors. | risk of death, 90.0% higher, RR 1.90, p = 0.09, treatment 46 of 208 (22.1%), control 47 of 1334 (3.5%), adjusted per study, Dascena, HCQ+AZ. |
| risk of death, 16.0% higher, RR 1.16, p = 0.26, treatment 428 of 1711 (25.0%), control 123 of 688 (17.9%), adjusted per study, COTA/HMH, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 29.0% higher, RR 1.29, p = 0.09, treatment 48 of 305 (15.7%), control 95 of 1302 (7.3%), adjusted per study, Aetion, HCQ. | |
| [Stewart (E)], 3/17/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 37 authors. | risk of death, 9.0% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.65, treatment 212 of 1157 (18.3%), control 203 of 1101 (18.4%), adjusted per study, Health Catalyst, HCQ+AZ. |
| risk of death, 90.0% higher, RR 1.90, p = 0.09, treatment 46 of 208 (22.1%), control 47 of 1334 (3.5%), adjusted per study, Dascena, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of death, 16.0% higher, RR 1.16, p = 0.26, treatment 428 of 1711 (25.0%), control 123 of 688 (17.9%), adjusted per study, COTA/HMH, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 29.0% higher, RR 1.29, p = 0.09, treatment 48 of 305 (15.7%), control 95 of 1302 (7.3%), adjusted per study, Aetion, HCQ. | |
| [Stewart (F)], 3/17/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 37 authors. | risk of death, 129.9% higher, RR 2.30, p < 0.001, treatment 32 of 108 (29.6%), control 33 of 256 (12.9%), Synapse, HCQ+AZ. |
| risk of death, 9.0% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.65, treatment 212 of 1157 (18.3%), control 203 of 1101 (18.4%), adjusted per study, Health Catalyst, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of death, 90.0% higher, RR 1.90, p = 0.09, treatment 46 of 208 (22.1%), control 47 of 1334 (3.5%), adjusted per study, Dascena, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of death, 16.0% higher, RR 1.16, p = 0.26, treatment 428 of 1711 (25.0%), control 123 of 688 (17.9%), adjusted per study, COTA/HMH, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 29.0% higher, RR 1.29, p = 0.09, treatment 48 of 305 (15.7%), control 95 of 1302 (7.3%), adjusted per study, Aetion, HCQ. | |
| [Stewart (G)], 3/17/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 37 authors. | risk of death, 1.0% lower, RR 0.99, p = 0.95, treatment 66 of 578 (11.4%), control 188 of 1243 (15.1%), adjusted per study, TriNetX, HCQ+AZ. |
| risk of death, 129.9% higher, RR 2.30, p < 0.001, treatment 32 of 108 (29.6%), control 33 of 256 (12.9%), Synapse, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of death, 9.0% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.65, treatment 212 of 1157 (18.3%), control 203 of 1101 (18.4%), adjusted per study, Health Catalyst, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of death, 90.0% higher, RR 1.90, p = 0.09, treatment 46 of 208 (22.1%), control 47 of 1334 (3.5%), adjusted per study, Dascena, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of death, 16.0% higher, RR 1.16, p = 0.26, treatment 428 of 1711 (25.0%), control 123 of 688 (17.9%), adjusted per study, COTA/HMH, HCQ+AZ. | |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 29.0% higher, RR 1.29, p = 0.09, treatment 48 of 305 (15.7%), control 95 of 1302 (7.3%), adjusted per study, Aetion, HCQ. | |
| [Synolaki], 9/5/2020, retrospective, Greece, Europe, preprint, 20 authors. | risk of death, 23.6% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.27, treatment 21 of 98 (21.4%), control 60 of 214 (28.0%). |
| [Sánchez-Álvarez], 4/27/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, mean age 67.0, 10 authors. | risk of death, 45.9% lower, RR 0.54, p = 0.005, treatment 322, control 53, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Taccone], 12/23/2020, retrospective, Belgium, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors. | risk of death, 24.7% lower, RR 0.75, p < 0.001, treatment 449 of 1308 (34.3%), control 183 of 439 (41.7%), odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Taieb], 6/30/2021, retrospective, Senegal, Africa, peer-reviewed, 29 authors. | risk of no hospital discharge, 38.7% lower, RR 0.61, p = 0.02, treatment 674, control 252, multivariate. |
| [Tan], 12/14/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 7 authors. | hospitalization time, 35.2% lower, relative time 0.65, p = 0.04, treatment 8, control 277. |
| [Tang], 4/14/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 24 authors. | risk of no virological cure at day 21, 21.4% lower, RR 0.79, p = 0.51, treatment 11 of 75 (14.7%), control 14 of 75 (18.7%). |
| [Tehrani], 10/30/2020, retrospective, Sweden, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors. | risk of death, 13.4% lower, RR 0.87, p = 0.63, treatment 16 of 65 (24.6%), control 54 of 190 (28.4%). |
| [Texeira], 12/31/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors. | risk of death, 79.3% higher, RR 1.79, p = 0.10, treatment 17 of 65 (26.2%), control 14 of 96 (14.6%). |
| [Thompson], 2/9/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, preprint, 1 author. | risk of death, 6.2% higher, RR 1.06, p = 0.84, treatment 25 of 241 (10.4%), control 25 of 236 (10.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, day 28. |
| risk of death, 51.0% higher, RR 1.51, p = 0.25, treatment 18 of 241 (7.5%), control 14 of 236 (5.9%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, day 14. | |
| risk of 7-point scale status, 3.1% higher, RR 1.03, p = 0.87, treatment 241, control 236, day 28. | |
| risk of 7-point scale status, 2.0% lower, RR 0.98, p = 0.91, treatment 241, control 236, day 14. | |
| [Trullàs], 7/14/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, preprint, median age 75.0, 8 authors. | risk of death, 35.6% lower, RR 0.64, p = 0.12, treatment 20 of 66 (30.3%), control 16 of 34 (47.1%). |
| [Turrini], 6/11/2021, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 16 authors. | risk of death, 9.8% lower, RR 0.90, p = 0.15, treatment 103 of 160 (64.4%), control 33 of 45 (73.3%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate. |
| [Ubaldo], 2/1/2021, retrospective, Philippines, Asia, peer-reviewed, 3 authors. | risk of death, 18.4% lower, RR 0.82, p = 0.64, treatment 17 of 25 (68.0%), control 5 of 6 (83.3%), COVID-19 positive patients. |
| [Ulrich], 9/23/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, baseline oxygen requirements 63.3%, mean age 66.2, 18 authors. | risk of death, 6.0% higher, RR 1.06, p = 1.00, treatment 7 of 67 (10.4%), control 6 of 61 (9.8%). |
| [van Halem], 11/27/2020, retrospective, Belgium, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors. | risk of death, 31.6% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.05, treatment 34 of 164 (20.7%), control 47 of 155 (30.3%). |
| [Vernaz], 12/31/2020, retrospective, propensity score matching, Switzerland, Europe, peer-reviewed, 15 authors. | risk of death, 15.3% lower, RR 0.85, p = 0.71, treatment 12 of 93 (12.9%), control 16 of 105 (15.2%), HCQ vs. SOC, PSM. |
| hospitalization time, 49.0% higher, relative time 1.49, p = 0.002, treatment 93, control 105, HCQ vs. SOC, PSM. | |
| [Wang], 6/10/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, preprint, 3 authors. | risk of death, 5.8% lower, RR 0.94, p = 0.63, treatment 1866, control 5726, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Xia], 2/11/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, preprint, 1 author. | risk of no virological cure, 37.5% lower, RR 0.62, p = 0.17, treatment 5 of 10 (50.0%), control 12 of 15 (80.0%). |
| [Yegerov], 1/8/2021, retrospective, Kazakhstan, Asia, preprint, 8 authors. | risk of death, 95.3% lower, RR 0.05, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 23 (0.0%), control 20 of 1049 (1.9%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). |
| [Yu (B)], 8/3/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, preprint, median age 62.0, 6 authors. | risk of progression to critical, 82.5% lower, RR 0.17, p = 0.05, treatment 1 of 231 (0.4%), control 32 of 1291 (2.5%), baseline critical cohort reported separately in Yu et al.. |
| risk of death, 85.0% lower, RR 0.15, p = 0.02, treatment 1 of 73 (1.4%), control 238 of 2604 (9.1%), HCQ treatment started early vs. non-HCQ. | |
| [Yu (C)], 5/15/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. | risk of death, 60.5% lower, RR 0.40, p = 0.002, treatment 9 of 48 (18.8%), control 238 of 502 (47.4%). |
| [Zhong], 3/26/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, preprint, 1 author. | risk of no virological cure at day 10, 80.0% lower, RR 0.20, p < 0.001, treatment 5 of 115 (4.3%), control 17 of 82 (20.7%), adjusted per study. |
| [Águila-Gordo], 11/11/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, mean age 84.4, 6 authors. | risk of death, 67.0% lower, RR 0.33, p = 0.10, treatment 151 of 346 (43.6%), control 47 of 70 (67.1%), adjusted per study. |
| [Ñamendys-Silva], 10/21/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Mexico, North America, peer-reviewed, mean age 57.3, 18 authors. | risk of death, 32.3% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.18, treatment 24 of 54 (44.4%), control 42 of 64 (65.6%), HCQ+AZ vs. neither HCQ or CQ. |
| risk of death, 37.1% lower, RR 0.63, p = 0.09, treatment 19 of 46 (41.3%), control 42 of 64 (65.6%), CQ vs. neither HCQ or CQ. | |
| risk of death, 34.5% lower, RR 0.66, p = 0.006, treatment 43 of 100 (43.0%), control 42 of 64 (65.6%), HCQ+AZ or CQ. |
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules as detailed above
and gives priority to more serious outcomes. Only the first (most serious)
outcome is used in calculations, which may differ from the effect a paper
focuses on.
| [Abella], 9/30/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 18 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 5.0% lower, RR 0.95, p = 1.00, treatment 4 of 64 (6.2%), control 4 of 61 (6.6%). |
| [Alegiani], 4/15/2021, retrospective, case control, database analysis, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 16 authors. | risk of death, 8.0% higher, RR 1.08, p = 0.64, HCQ vs. other cDMARDs, RR approximated with OR. |
| risk of hospitalization, 18.0% lower, RR 0.82, p = 0.03, HCQ vs. other cDMARDs, RR approximated with OR. | |
| risk of death, 19.0% higher, RR 1.19, p = 0.32, HCQ vs. MTX, RR approximated with OR. | |
| risk of hospitalization, 12.0% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.17, HCQ vs. MTX, RR approximated with OR. | |
| [Alzahrani], 4/15/2021, retrospective, Saudi Arabia, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 3 authors. | risk of death, 58.8% lower, RR 0.41, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 14 (0.0%), control 1 of 33 (3.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). |
| risk of mechanical ventilation, 81.0% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.54, treatment 0 of 14 (0.0%), control 3 of 33 (9.1%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). | |
| risk of COVID-19 severe case, 32.7% lower, RR 0.67, p = 0.70, treatment 2 of 14 (14.3%), control 7 of 33 (21.2%). | |
| [Arleo], 10/27/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, preprint, 5 authors. | risk of death, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.67, treatment 1 of 20 (5.0%), control 5 of 50 (10.0%), all patients. |
| risk of death, 52.0% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.64, treatment 1 of 10 (10.0%), control 5 of 24 (20.8%), inpatients. | |
| [Badyal], 6/7/2021, prospective, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 18 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 60.1% lower, RR 0.40, p < 0.001, treatment 247 of 617 (40.0%), control 611 of 1473 (41.5%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, >=6 weeks, logistic regression. |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 35.1% lower, RR 0.65, p < 0.001, treatment 88 of 185 (47.6%), control 611 of 1473 (41.5%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, 4-5 weeks, logistic regression. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 23.2% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.002, treatment 80 of 181 (44.2%), control 611 of 1473 (41.5%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, 2-3 weeks, logistic regression. | |
| [Bae], 2/20/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, South Korea, Asia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 30.3% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.17, treatment 16 of 743 (2.2%), control 91 of 2698 (3.4%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, PSM. |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 19.5% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.49, treatment 16 of 743 (2.2%), control 91 of 2698 (3.4%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, PSM, adjusted for region. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 30.3% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.29, treatment 16 of 743 (2.2%), control 91 of 2698 (3.4%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, PSM, adjusted for immunosuppresant use. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 40.2% lower, RR 0.60, p = 0.08, odds ratio converted to relative risk, PSM, HCQ >= 6 months. | |
| [Behera], 11/3/2020, retrospective, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 13 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 27.9% lower, RR 0.72, p = 0.29, treatment 7 of 19 (36.8%), control 179 of 353 (50.7%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, model 2 conditional logistic regression. |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 26.3% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.25, treatment 7 of 19 (36.8%), control 179 of 353 (50.7%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, matched pair analysis. | |
| [Bhatt], 8/4/2021, prospective, India, South Asia, preprint, 4 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 49.3% higher, RR 1.49, p = 0.02, treatment 167 of 731 (22.8%), control 30 of 196 (15.3%). |
| [Bhattacharya], 6/9/2020, retrospective, India, South Asia, preprint, 7 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 80.7% lower, RR 0.19, p = 0.001, treatment 4 of 54 (7.4%), control 20 of 52 (38.5%). |
| [Cassione], 5/12/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, preprint, survey, median age 52.5, 6 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 49.6% higher, RR 1.50, p = 0.59, treatment 10 of 127 (7.9%), control 2 of 38 (5.3%). |
| [Chatterjee], 5/28/2020, retrospective, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, survey, 11 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 66.8% lower, RR 0.33, p < 0.001, treatment 12 of 68 (17.6%), control 206 of 387 (53.2%), full course vs. unused. |
| [Cordtz], 12/28/2020, retrospective, population-based cohort, Denmark, Europe, peer-reviewed, 10 authors. | risk of hospitalization, 24.0% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.67, treatment 3 of 2722 (0.1%), control 38 of 26718 (0.1%), adjusted per study, time-dependent exposure model. |
| risk of hospitalization, 55.0% lower, RR 0.45, p = 0.28, treatment 3 of 2722 (0.1%), control 38 of 26718 (0.1%), adjusted per study, time-fixed exposure model. | |
| [Datta], 11/6/2020, retrospective, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 7 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 22.1% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.47, treatment 16 of 146 (11.0%), control 19 of 135 (14.1%). |
| [de la Iglesia], 9/2/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Spain, Europe, preprint, 17 authors. | risk of hospitalization, 50.0% higher, RR 1.50, p = 1.00, treatment 3 of 687 (0.4%), control 2 of 688 (0.3%). |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 42.6% higher, RR 1.43, p = 0.15, treatment 42 of 648 (6.5%), control 30 of 660 (4.5%), suspected COVID-19. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 7.8% lower, RR 0.92, p = 0.84, treatment 12 of 678 (1.8%), control 13 of 677 (1.9%), confirmed COVID-19. | |
| [Desbois], 7/20/2020, retrospective, France, Europe, preprint, mean age 58.8, 13 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 16.9% lower, RR 0.83, p = 1.00, treatment 3 of 27 (11.1%), control 23 of 172 (13.4%). |
| [Dev], 3/24/2021, retrospective, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 5 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 26.0% lower, RR 0.74, p = 0.003, treatment 260, control 499, any number of HCQ doses vs. no HCQ prophylaxis. |
| [Ferreira], 6/29/2020, retrospective, population-based cohort, database analysis, Portugal, Europe, peer-reviewed, 3 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 47.1% lower, RR 0.53, p < 0.001, adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Ferri], 8/27/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, survey, 29 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 63.0% lower, RR 0.37, p = 0.01, treatment 9 of 994 (0.9%), control 16 of 647 (2.5%). |
| [Fitzgerald], 2/5/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, preprint, 34 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 8.5% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.52, treatment 65 of 1072 (6.1%), control 200 of 3594 (5.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Gendebien], 6/25/2020, retrospective, Belgium, Europe, preprint, survey, 9 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 3.9% lower, RR 0.96, p = 0.93, treatment 12 of 152 (7.9%), control 6 of 73 (8.2%). |
| [Gendelman], 5/5/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Israel, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 5 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 8.1% lower, RR 0.92, p = 0.88, treatment 3 of 36 (8.3%), control 1314 of 14484 (9.1%). |
| [Gentry], 9/21/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors. | risk of death, 91.3% lower, RR 0.09, p = 0.10, treatment 0 of 10703 (0.0%), control 7 of 21406 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), COVID-19 mortality within all patients. |
| risk of death, 90.7% lower, RR 0.09, p = 0.19, treatment 0 of 31 (0.0%), control 7 of 78 (9.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm), mortality for infected patients. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 20.9% lower, RR 0.79, p = 0.27, treatment 31 of 10703 (0.3%), control 78 of 21406 (0.4%), odds ratio converted to relative risk. | |
| [Gianfrancesco], 5/28/2020, retrospective, database analysis, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, 28 authors. | risk of hospitalization, 3.3% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.82, treatment 58 of 130 (44.6%), control 219 of 470 (46.6%), odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Goenka], 10/24/2020, retrospective, India, South Asia, preprint, 11 authors. | risk of IgG positive, 87.2% lower, RR 0.13, p = 0.03, treatment 1 of 77 (1.3%), control 115 of 885 (13.0%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Grau-Pujol], 9/21/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Spain, Europe, preprint, 22 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 67.9% lower, RR 0.32, p = 0.47, treatment 0 of 142 (0.0%), control 1 of 127 (0.8%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). |
| [Gönenli], 12/16/2020, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, preprint, survey, 4 authors. | risk of pneumonia, 29.7% lower, RR 0.70, p = 0.77, treatment 3 of 148 (2.0%), control 12 of 416 (2.9%). |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 18.9% higher, RR 1.19, p = 0.58, treatment 8 of 148 (5.4%), control 20 of 416 (4.8%), odds ratio converted to relative risk. | |
| [Huang], 6/16/2020, retrospective, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 15 authors. | risk of hospitalization, 80.0% lower, RR 0.20, p < 0.001, treatment 8, control 1247. |
| [Huh], 12/19/2020, retrospective, database analysis, South Korea, Asia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. | risk of disease progression, 251.0% higher, RR 3.51, p = 0.11, treatment 5 of 8 (62.5%), control 873 of 2797 (31.2%), adjusted per study. |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 6.0% lower, RR 0.94, p = 0.82, treatment 17 of 122 (13.9%), control 7324 of 36600 (20.0%), adjusted per study. | |
| [Huh (B)], 5/4/2020, retrospective, case control, database analysis, South Korea, Asia, preprint, 10 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 47.7% higher, RR 1.48, p = 0.09, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Jung], 12/11/2020, retrospective, South Korea, Asia, peer-reviewed, 6 authors. | risk of death, 59.3% lower, RR 0.41, p = 1.00, treatment 0 of 649 (0.0%), control 1 of 1417 (0.1%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 13.1% higher, RR 1.13, p = 0.86, treatment 15 of 649 (2.3%), control 31 of 1417 (2.2%), adjusted per study. | |
| [Kadnur], 7/22/2020, prospective, India, South Asia, preprint, 26 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 86.3% lower, RR 0.14, p = 0.03, treatment 2 of 248 (0.8%), control 5 of 86 (5.8%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate logistic regression. |
| [Kamstrup], 6/1/2021, retrospective, population-based cohort, Denmark, Europe, peer-reviewed, 21 authors. | risk of hospitalization, 44.0% higher, RR 1.44, p = 0.25, treatment 5488, control 54846. |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 10.0% lower, RR 0.90, p = 0.23, treatment 188 of 5488 (3.4%), control 2040 of 54846 (3.7%), adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression. | |
| [Khurana], 7/24/2020, retrospective, India, South Asia, preprint, survey, 5 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 51.0% lower, RR 0.49, p = 0.02, treatment 6 of 22 (27.3%), control 88 of 159 (55.3%), odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| [Konig], 5/7/2020, retrospective, database analysis, multiple countries, multiple regions, preprint, 11 authors. | risk of hospitalization, 3.0% lower, RR 0.97, p = 0.88, treatment 16 of 29 (55.2%), control 29 of 51 (56.9%). |
| [Korkmaz], 6/1/2021, retrospective, Turkey, Europe, preprint, 4 authors. | risk of death, 82.1% lower, RR 0.18, p = 0.19, treatment 0 of 385 (0.0%), control 2 of 299 (0.7%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 93.7% lower, RR 0.06, p < 0.001, treatment 2 of 395 (0.5%), control 24 of 299 (8.0%). | |
| [Laplana], 9/9/2020, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, survey, 3 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 56.0% higher, RR 1.56, p = 0.24, treatment 17 of 319 (5.3%), control 11 of 319 (3.4%). |
| [Macias], 5/16/2020, retrospective, database analysis, Spain, Europe, preprint, 12 authors. | risk of hospitalization, 25.5% lower, RR 0.74, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 290 (0.3%), control 2 of 432 (0.5%). |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 49.0% higher, RR 1.49, p = 0.53, treatment 5 of 290 (1.7%), control 5 of 432 (1.2%). | |
| [Mathai], 11/6/2020, retrospective, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 3 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 89.5% lower, RR 0.10, p < 0.001, treatment 10 of 491 (2.0%), control 22 of 113 (19.5%). |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 88.5% lower, RR 0.12, p < 0.001, treatment 5 of 491 (1.0%), control 10 of 113 (8.8%), symptomatic. | |
| [Mitchell], 5/5/2020, retrospective, multiple countries, multiple regions, preprint, 2 authors. | risk of death, 99.0% lower, RR 0.01, p < 0.001. |
| [Naggie], 8/25/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, preprint, 22 authors. | risk of symptomatic case, 23.5% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.18, treatment 41 of 683 (6.0%), control 53 of 676 (7.8%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, logistic regression. |
| risk of symptomatic case, 29.3% lower, RR 0.71, p = 0.18, treatment 41 of 683 (6.0%), control 53 of 676 (7.8%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, Mantel–Haenszel. | |
| [Patil], 8/24/2021, prospective, India, South Asia, preprint, 20 authors. | risk of death, 65.9% lower, RR 0.34, p = 0.10, treatment 5266, control 3946. |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 9.1% lower, RR 0.91, p = 0.43, treatment 167 of 5266 (3.2%), control 147 of 3946 (3.7%), adjusted per study. | |
| [Pham], 3/2/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 5 authors. | risk of death, 19.7% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.77, treatment 2 of 14 (14.3%), control 5 of 28 (17.9%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, univariate. |
| risk of ICU admission, 35.5% higher, RR 1.35, p = 0.61, treatment 4 of 14 (28.6%), control 6 of 28 (21.4%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, univariate. | |
| [Rajasingham], 9/21/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 22 authors. | risk of hospitalization, 50.1% lower, RR 0.50, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 989 (0.1%), control 1 of 494 (0.2%). |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 27.0% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.12, treatment 58 of 989 (5.9%), control 39 of 494 (7.9%). | |
| [Rangel], 1/10/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 5 authors. | risk of death, 25.1% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.77, treatment 4 of 50 (8.0%), control 11 of 103 (10.7%), from all patients. |
| risk of hospitalization, 22.2% lower, RR 0.78, p = 0.29, treatment 17 of 50 (34.0%), control 45 of 103 (43.7%). | |
| hospitalization time, 41.2% lower, relative time 0.59, p = 0.12, treatment 21, control 54. | |
| [Rentsch], 9/9/2020, retrospective, population-based cohort, database analysis, United Kingdom, Europe, peer-reviewed, 34 authors. | risk of death, 3.0% higher, RR 1.03, p = 0.83, adjusted per study. |
| [Revollo], 11/21/2020, retrospective, propensity score matching, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 16 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 23.0% lower, RR 0.77, p = 0.52, treatment 16 of 69 (23.2%), control 65 of 418 (15.6%), adjusted per study, PSM, risk of PCR+. |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 43.0% higher, RR 1.43, p = 0.42, treatment 17 of 60 (28.3%), control 62 of 404 (15.3%), adjusted per study, PSM, risk of IgG+. | |
| [Rojas-Serrano], 5/16/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Mexico, North America, preprint, 8 authors. | risk of symptomatic case, 82.0% lower, RR 0.18, p = 0.12, treatment 1 of 62 (1.6%), control 6 of 65 (9.2%), adjusted per study. |
| [Salvarani], 8/6/2020, retrospective, population-based cohort, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 18 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 6.0% lower, RR 0.94, p = 0.75. |
| [Singer], 8/5/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, preprint, 3 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 9.0% higher, RR 1.09, p = 0.62, treatment 55 of 10700 (0.5%), control 104 of 22058 (0.5%). |
| [Syed], 5/17/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, Pakistan, South Asia, preprint, 9 authors. | risk of symptomatic case, 59.7% higher, RR 1.60, p = 0.41, treatment 10 of 48 (20.8%), control 6 of 46 (13.0%), group 1. |
| risk of symptomatic case, 110.5% higher, RR 2.10, p = 0.13, treatment 14 of 51 (27.5%), control 6 of 46 (13.0%), group 2. | |
| risk of symptomatic case, 16.4% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.77, treatment 6 of 55 (10.9%), control 6 of 46 (13.0%), group 3. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 6.2% lower, RR 0.94, p = 1.00, treatment 3 of 48 (6.2%), control 3 of 45 (6.7%), group 1. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 6.2% lower, RR 0.94, p = 1.00, treatment 3 of 48 (6.2%), control 3 of 45 (6.7%), group 2. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 72.2% lower, RR 0.28, p = 0.33, treatment 1 of 54 (1.9%), control 3 of 45 (6.7%), group 3. | |
| [Trefond], 1/27/2021, retrospective, France, Europe, preprint, 21 authors. | risk of death, 16.6% higher, RR 1.17, p = 0.80, treatment 4 of 68 (5.9%), control 12 of 183 (6.6%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. |
| risk of combined death/ICU, 78.2% higher, RR 1.78, p = 0.21, treatment 8 of 71 (11.3%), control 18 of 191 (9.4%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. | |
| risk of hospitalization, 44.9% higher, RR 1.45, p = 0.12, treatment 24 of 71 (33.8%), control 53 of 191 (27.7%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk. | |
| [Vivanco-Hidalgo], 3/9/2021, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. | risk of hospitalization, 46.0% higher, RR 1.46, p = 0.10, treatment 40 of 6746 (0.6%), control 50 of 13492 (0.4%), adjusted per study. |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 8.0% higher, RR 1.08, p = 0.50, treatment 97 of 6746 (1.4%), control 183 of 13492 (1.4%), adjusted per study. | |
| [Yadav], 9/30/2020, retrospective, India, South Asia, preprint, 11 authors. | risk of hospitalization, 82.4% lower, RR 0.18, p = 0.01, treatment 2 of 279 (0.7%), control 9 of 221 (4.1%), PCR+. |
| risk of IgG+, 41.8% lower, RR 0.58, p = 0.05, treatment 17 of 178 (9.6%), control 27 of 221 (12.2%), odds ratio converted to relative risk, multivariate logistic regression. | |
| risk of IgG+, 79.0% lower, RR 0.21, p = 0.09, treatment 1 of 39 (2.6%), control 27 of 221 (12.2%), HCQ >10 weeks. | |
| risk of IgG+, 52.4% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.14, treatment 5 of 86 (5.8%), control 27 of 221 (12.2%), HCQ 6-10 weeks. | |
| risk of IgG+, 69.9% higher, RR 1.70, p = 0.12, treatment 11 of 53 (20.8%), control 27 of 221 (12.2%), HCQ <6 weeks. | |
| [Zhong (B)], 7/3/2020, retrospective, database analysis, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 20 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 91.0% lower, RR 0.09, p = 0.04, treatment 7 of 16 (43.8%), control 20 of 27 (74.1%), adjusted per study. |
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules as detailed above
and gives priority to more serious outcomes. Only the first (most serious)
outcome is used in calculations, which may differ from the effect a paper
focuses on.
| [Barnabas], 12/7/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 30 authors. | risk of hospitalization, 3.7% higher, RR 1.04, p = 1.00, treatment 1 of 407 (0.2%), control 1 of 422 (0.2%). |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 27.0% higher, RR 1.27, p = 0.33, treatment 43 of 353 (12.2%), control 33 of 336 (9.8%), adjusted per study, day 14 symptomatic mITT PCR+ AIM. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 23.0% higher, RR 1.23, p = 0.41, treatment 40 of 317 (12.6%), control 32 of 309 (10.4%), adjusted per study, day 14 symptomatic mITT PCR+ IDWeek. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 10.0% higher, RR 1.10, p = 0.66, treatment 53 of 353 (15.0%), control 45 of 336 (13.4%), adjusted per study, day 14 PCR+ mITT AIM. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 1.0% lower, RR 0.99, p = 0.97, treatment 46 of 317 (14.5%), control 43 of 309 (13.9%), adjusted per study, day 14 PCR+ mITT IDWeek. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 19.0% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.23, treatment 82 of 387 (21.2%), control 99 of 393 (25.2%), adjusted per study, day 14 PCR+ ITT AIM. | |
| [Boulware (B)], 6/3/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 24 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 17.0% lower, RR 0.83, p = 0.35, treatment 49 of 414 (11.8%), control 58 of 407 (14.3%). |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 25.1% lower, RR 0.75, p = 0.22, treatment 32 of 414 (7.7%), control 42 of 407 (10.3%), probable COVID-19 cases. | |
| [Dhibar], 11/6/2020, prospective, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 13 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 41.0% lower, RR 0.59, p = 0.03, treatment 14 of 132 (10.6%), control 36 of 185 (19.5%), adjusted per study. |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 50.0% lower, RR 0.50, p = 0.04, treatment 10 of 132 (7.6%), control 28 of 185 (15.1%), adjusted per study, PCR+. | |
| risk of symptomatic case, 43.9% lower, RR 0.56, p = 0.21, treatment 6 of 132 (4.5%), control 15 of 185 (8.1%), adjusted per study. | |
| [Mitjà (B)], 7/26/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 12 authors. | risk of death, 51.7% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.27, treatment 4 of 1196 (0.3%), control 9 of 1301 (0.7%), per supplemental appendix table S7, one treatment death was a patient that did not take any study medication, they have been moved to the control group. |
| risk of hospitalization, 21.4% lower, RR 0.79, p = 0.59, treatment 13 of 1196 (1.1%), control 18 of 1301 (1.4%), per supplemental appendix table S7, one treatment death was a patient that did not take any study medication, they have been moved to the control group. | |
| baseline pcr- risk of cases, 32.0% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.27, treatment 29 of 958 (3.0%), control 45 of 1042 (4.3%). | |
| [Polat], 9/30/2020, prospective, Turkey, Europe, peer-reviewed, 3 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 57.0% lower, RR 0.43, p = 0.03, treatment 12 of 138 (8.7%), control 14 of 70 (20.0%). |
| [Seet], 4/14/2021, Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial, Singapore, Asia, peer-reviewed, 15 authors, dosage 400mg day 1, 200mg days 2-42, this trial compares with another treatment - results may be better when compared to placebo. | risk of COVID-19 severe case, 35.1% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.14, treatment 29 of 432 (6.7%), control 64 of 619 (10.3%). |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 32.0% lower, RR 0.68, p = 0.009, treatment 212 of 432 (49.1%), control 433 of 619 (70.0%), adjusted per study, odds ratio converted to relative risk, model 6. | |
| [Shabani], 8/10/2021, prospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 16 authors. | risk of symptomatic case, 19.0% lower, RR 0.81, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 51 (3.9%), control 3 of 62 (4.8%), day 7. |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 6.4% higher, RR 1.06, p = 1.00, treatment 7 of 51 (13.7%), control 8 of 62 (12.9%), day 7, PCR+ and symptomatic. | |
| risk of COVID-19 case, 21.6% higher, RR 1.22, p = 0.78, treatment 7 of 51 (13.7%), control 7 of 62 (11.3%), day 7, PCR+ only. | |
| [Simova (B)], 11/12/2020, retrospective, Bulgaria, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors. | risk of COVID-19 case, 92.7% lower, RR 0.07, p = 0.01, treatment 0 of 156 (0.0%), control 3 of 48 (6.2%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm). |
References
Abd-Elsalam et al., American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0873,
Hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Study,
https://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0873.
Abdulrahman et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.20234914,
The efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in COVID19 patients : a multicenter national retrospective cohort
,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.20234914v1.
Abella et al., JAMA Internal Medicine, doi:doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6319,
Efficacy and Safety of Hydroxychloroquine vs Placebo for Pre-exposure SARS-CoV-2 Prophylaxis Among Health Care Workers,
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/j..ternalmedicine/fullarticle/2771265.
Ader et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.20248149 (news 10/6),
Antiviral drugs in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 - the DisCoVeRy trial,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.20248149v1.
AFP,
India backs hydroxychloroquine for virus prevention,
https://www.msn.com/en-ph/news/wor..us-prevention/ar-BB14EloP?ocid=st2.
AfricaFeeds,
Kenya approve the use of Chloroquine to treat COVID-19 patients,
https://africafeeds.com/2020/04/01..oquine-to-treat-covid-19-patients/.
Africanews,
Coronavirus patients on chloroquine heal faster - Senegalese medic,
https://www.africanews.com/2020/04..uine-heal-faster-senegalese-medic/.
Afrik.com,
Edouard Philippe emporté par le Covid, Didier Raoult, l’hydroxychloroquine et le… remdésivir,
https://www.afrik.com/edouard-phil..ydroxychloroquine-et-le-remdesivir.
Aghajani et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.27053,
Decreased In-Hospital Mortality Associated with Aspirin Administration in Hospitalized Patients Due to Severe COVID-19,
https://europepmc.org/article/med/33913549.
Águila-Gordo et al., Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, doi:10.1016/j.regg.2020.09.006,
Mortality and associated prognostic factors in elderly and very elderly hospitalized patients with respiratory disease COVID-19,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0211139X20301748.
Agusti et al., Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2020.10.023,
Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in healthcare professionals with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: prospective, non-randomized trial,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/scie../article/abs/pii/S0213005X20304134.
Al Arabia,
Bahrain among first countries to use Hydroxychloroquine to treat coronavirus,
https://english.alarabiya.net/en/N..xychloroquine-to-treat-coronavirus.
Al-bab,
Covid-19: Algeria and Morocco continue using chloroquine despite concerns,
https://al-bab.com/blog/2020/05/co..using-chloroquine-despite-concerns.
Alamdari et al., Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 2020, 252, 73-84, doi:10.1620/tjem.252.73,
Mortality Risk Factors among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in a Major Referral Center in Iran,
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/artic..em/252/1/252_73/_article/-char/ja/.
Albani et al., J, Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm9092800,
Impact of Azithromycin and/or Hydroxychloroquine on Hospital Mortality in COVID-19,
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/9/2800.
Alberici et al., Kidney Int., 98:1, 20-26, July 1, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.030 (preprint 5/10),
A report from the Brescia Renal COVID Task Force on the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of hemodialysis patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection,
https://www.kidney-international.o..cle/S0085-2538(20)30508-1/fulltext.
Alegiani et al., Rheumatology, doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab348,
Risk of COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality in rheumatic patients treated with hydroxychloroquine or other conventional DMARDs in Italy,
https://academic.oup.com/rheumatol..ogy/keab348/6226505?searchresult=1.
Alghamdi et al., Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2021.08.008,
Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of severe (ICU) COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia: A single centre study,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016421001559.
Alghamdi (B) et al., Antibiotics, doi:10.3390/antibiotics10040365,
Clinical Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with COVID-19: Findings from an Observational Comparative Study in Saudi Arabia,
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/10/4/365.
Almazrou et al., Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2020.09.019,
Comparing the impact of Hydroxychloroquine based regimens and standard treatment on COVID-19 patient outcomes: A retrospective cohort study,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016420302334.
Alqassieh et al., F1000Research, Preprint,
Clinical characteristics and predictors of the duration of hospital stay in COVID-19 patients in Jordan,
https://f1000research.com/articles/9-1439.
Altman, D., BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.d2304,
How to obtain the P value from a confidence interval,
https://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d2304.
Altman (B) et al., BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.d2090,
How to obtain the confidence interval from a P value,
https://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d2090.
Alzahrani et al., Rheumatology International , doi:10.1007/s00296-021-04857-9,
Clinical characteristics and outcome of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00296-021-04857-9.
Amaravadi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.02.22.21252228,
Hydroxychloroquine for SARS-CoV-2 positive patients quarantined at home: The first interim analysis of a remotely conducted randomized clinical trial,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.22.21252228v1.
An et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.20146548,
Treatment Response to Hydroxychloroquine and Antibiotics for mild to moderate COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from South Korea,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.20146548v1.
Anadolu Agency,
Nigeria goes on with hydroxychloroquine clinical trial,
https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ni..hloroquine-clinical-trials/1854814.
Anadolu Agency (B),
Cuba: Early hydroxychloroquine potent against COVID-19,
https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/..ne-potent-against-covid-19/1905650.
Anglemyer et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4, doi:10.1002/14651858.MR000034.pub2,
Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared with those assessed in randomized trials,
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cd..0.1002/14651858.MR000034.pub2/full.
Annie et al., Pharmacotherapy, doi:10.1002/phar.2467,
Hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients: Real world experience assessing mortality,
https://accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/phar.2467.
Aparisi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.20207092,
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are associated with poor clinical outcomes in COVID-19,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.20207092v1.
Archyde,
China approves chloroquine (instead of hydroxychloroquine) against covid-19,
https://www.archyde.com/china-appr..droxychloroquine-against-covid-19/.
Arleo et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.20219154,
Clinical Course and Outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Rheumatic Disease Patients on Immunosuppression: A case Cohort Study at a Single Center with a Significantly Diverse Population,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.20219154v1.
Arshad et al., Int. J. Infect. Dis., July 1 2020, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.099,
Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, and Combination in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19,
https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30534-8/fulltext.
Ashinyo et al., Pan African Medical Journal, 37:1, doi:10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.37.1.25718,
Clinical characteristics, treatment regimen and duration of hospitalization among COVID-19 patients in Ghana: a retrospective cohort study,
https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/series/37/1/9/full/.
Ashraf et al., medRxiv doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.20072421.t,
COVID-19 in Iran, a comprehensive investigation from exposure to treatment outcomes,
https://www.researchgate.net/publi..rom_exposure_to_treatment_outcomes.
Auld et al., Critical Care Medicine, doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000004457,
ICU and ventilator mortality among critically ill adults with COVID-19,
https://journals.lww.com/ccmjourna..ality_Among_Critically_Ill.35.aspx.
Awad et al., American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxab056,
Impact of hydroxychloroquine on disease progression and ICU admissions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection,
https://academic.oup.com/ajhp/adva..e/doi/10.1093/ajhp/zxab056/6144083.
Axfors et al., Nature, doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22446-z,
Mortality outcomes with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19 from an international collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials,
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22446-z.
Ayerbe et al., Internal and Emergency Medicine, doi:0.1007/s11739-020-02505-x,
The association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine and hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11739-020-02505-x.
Badyal et al., Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, Volume 69, June 2021,
Hydroxychloroquine for SARS CoV2 Prophylaxis in Healthcare Workers – A Multicentric Cohort Study Assessing Effectiveness and Safety,
https://www.japi.org/x284d434/hydr..assessing-effectiveness-and-safety.
Bae et al., Viruses 2021, doi:10.3390/v13020329,
Recent Hydroxychloroquine Use Is Not Significantly Associated with Positive PCR Results for SARS-CoV-2: A Nationwide Observational Study in South Korea,
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/2/329.
Barbosa et al., Preprint,
Clinical outcomes of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a quasi-randomized comparative study,
https://www.sefq.es/_pdfs/NEJM_Hydroxychlorquine.pdf.
Barnabas et al., Annals of Internal Medicine, doi:10.7326/M20-6519,
Hydroxychloroquine for Post-exposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Trial,
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-6519.
Barra et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.21261220,
COVID-19 in hospitalized patients in 4 hospitals in San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.21261220v1.
Barrat-Due et al., Annals of Internal Medicine, doi:10.7326/M21-0653,
Evaluation of the Effects of Remdesivir and Hydroxychloroquine on Viral Clearance in COVID-19,
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M21-0653.
Barron's,
Hydroxychloroquine: A Drug Dividing The World,
https://www.barrons.com/news/hydro..rug-dividing-the-world-01591006809.
Barron's (B),
Amid Global Controversy, Greece Moves Forward With Chloroquine,
https://www.barrons.com/news/amid-..rward-with-chloroquine-01591781707.
Barry et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.058,
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in a MERS-CoV Referral Hospital during the Peak of the Pandemic,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971221002769.
BBC,
Coronavirus: How Turkey took control of Covid-19 emergency,
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52831017.
Behera et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247163 (preprint 11/3),
Role of ivermectin in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in India: A matched case-control study,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0247163.
Belayneh, A.,
Off-Label Use of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 Treatment in Africa Against WHO Recommendation,
https://www.dovepress.com/off-labe..eer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RRTM.
Berenguer et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.024,
Characteristics and predictors of death among 4035 consecutively hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Spain,
https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyan..cle/S1198-743X(20)30431-6/fulltext.
Bernabeu-Wittel et al., J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa192,
Effectiveness of a On-Site Medicalization Program for Nursing Homes with COVID-19 Outbreaks,
https://academic.oup.com/biomedger..doi/10.1093/gerona/glaa192/5879759.
Bernaola et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.20155960,
Observational Study of the Efficiency of Treatments in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19 in Madrid,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.20155960v1.
Berry et al., SSRN, Berry, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3707327.,
Unfavorable Hydroxychloroquine COVID-19 Research Associated with Authors Having a History of Political Party Donations,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3707327.
Bhatt et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.21260750 ,
Hydroxychloroquine Prophylaxis against Coronavirus Disease-19: Practice Outcomes among Health-Care Workers,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.21260750v1.
Bhattacharya et al., medRxix, doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.20116806,
Pre exposure Hydroxychloroquine use is associated with reduced COVID19 risk in healthcare workers,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.20116806v1.
Bianet,
Turkey begins distributing hydroxychloroquine to homes in capital city amid bed shortage,
https://bianet.org/english/health/..-in-capital-city-amid-bed-shortage.
Bielza et al., Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.12.003,
Clinical characteristics, frailty and mortality of residents with COVID-19 in nursing homes of a region of Madrid,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1525861020310525.
Boari et al, Biosci. Rep., doi:10.1042/BSR20203455,
Prognostic factors and predictors of outcome in patients with COVID-19 and related pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study,
https://portlandpress.com/bioscire..cle/doi/10.1042/BSR20203455/226985.
Borba et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857,
Chloroquine diphosphate in two different dosages as adjunctive therapy of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory syndrome in the context of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection: Preliminary safety results of a randomized, double-blinded, phase IIb clinical trial (CloroCovid-19 Study),
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2765499.
Bosaeed et al., Infect. Dis. Ther., doi:10.1007/s40121-021-00496-6,
Favipiravir and Hydroxychloroquine Combination Therapy in Patients with Moderate to Severe COVID19 (FACCT Trial): An Open-Label, Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial,
https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s40121-021-00496-6.
Boulware, D.,
Comments regarding paper rejection,
https://twitter.com/boulware_dr/status/1311331372884205570.
Boulware (B) et al., NEJM, June 3 2020, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2016638,
A Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19,
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2016638.
Bousquet et al., Aging, 12:12, 11306-11313, doi:10.18632/aging.103583,
ADL-dependency, D-Dimers, LDH and absence of anticoagulation are independently associated with one-month mortality in older inpatients with Covid-19,
https://www.aging-us.com/article/103583/text.
Budhiraja et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.20232223,
Clinical Profile of First 1000 COVID-19 Cases Admitted at Tertiary Care Hospitals and the Correlates of their Mortality: An Indian Experience,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.20232223v1.
Burdick et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm9123834,
Is Machine Learning a Better Way to IdentifyCOVID-19 Patients Who Might Benefit fromHydroxychloroquineTreatment?—The IDENTIFY Trial,
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/12/3834.
Byakika-Kibwika et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-506195/v1,
Safety and Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine for Treatment of Non-Severe COVID-19 in Adults in Uganda: A Randomized Open Label Phase II Clinical Trial
,
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-506195/v1.
Cadegiani et al., New Microbes and New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100915 (preprint 11/4/2020),
Early COVID-19 Therapy with azithromycin plus nitazoxanide, ivermectin or hydroxychloroquine in Outpatient Settings Significantly Improved COVID-19 outcomes compared to Known outcomes in untreated patients,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2052297521000792.
Cangiano et al., Aging, doi:10.18632/aging.202307,
Mortality in an Italian nursing home during COVID-19 pandemic: correlation with gender, age, ADL, vitamin D supplementation, and limitations of the diagnostic tests,
https://www.aging-us.com/article/202307/text.
Capsoni et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-113418/v1,
CPAP Treatment In COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study In The Emergency Department,
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-113418/v1.
Cassione et al., Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217717,
COVID-19 infection in a northern-Italian cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus assessed by telemedicine,
https://ard.bmj.com/content/early/..05/23/annrheumdis-2020-217717.info.
Catteau et al., Int. J. Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106144,
Low-dose Hydroxychloroquine Therapy and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Nationwide Observational Study of 8075 Participants,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/scie../article/abs/pii/S0924857920303423.
Cavalcanti et al., NEJM, July 23, 2020, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2019014,
Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin in Mild-to-Moderate Covid-19,
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2019014.
CBS News,
Turkey claims success treating virus with drug touted by Trump,
https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/wor..h-drug-touted-by-trump/ar-BB13oMXS.
Challenge,
Coronavirus : ce que le Maroc a réussi,
https://www.challenge.ma/coronavirus-ce-que-le-maroc-a-reussi-144484/.
Chari et al., Blood, doi:10.1182/blood.2020008150,
Clinical features associated with COVID-19 outcome in multiple myeloma: first results from the International Myeloma Society data set,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006497120839044.
Chatterjee et al., Indian J. Med. Res., June 20, 2020, doi:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_2234_20,
Healthcare workers & SARS-CoV-2 infection in India: A case-control investigation in the time of COVID-19,
https://www.ijmr.org.in/article.as..ge=459;epage=467;aulast=Chatterjee.
Chen et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.20136093,
Efficacy and safety of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in moderate type of COVID-19: a prospective open-label randomized controlled study,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.20136093v1.
Chen (B) et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242763,
A Multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of hydroxychloroquine and a retrospective study in adult patients with mild to moderate Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242763.
Chen (C) et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242763,
A Multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of hydroxychloroquine and a retrospective study in adult patients with mild to moderate Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0242763.
Chen (D) et al., medRxiv doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758,
Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758v3.
Chen (E) et al., J. Zhejiang University (Med Sci), doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.03.03,
A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19),
http://www.zjujournals.com/med/EN/..cleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=41137.
Choi et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.062,
Comparison of antiviral effect for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 cases between lopinavir/ritonavir versus hydroxychloroquine: A nationwide propensity score-matched cohort study,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220322669.
Coll et al., American Journal of Transplantation, doi:10.1111/ajt.16369,
Covid‐19 in transplant recipients: the spanish experience,
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajt.16369.
Concato et al., NEJM, 342:1887-1892, doi:10.1056/NEJM200006223422507,
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejm200006223422507.
Cordtz et al., Rheumatology, doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa897,
Incidence and severeness of COVID-19 hospitalisation in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease: a nationwide cohort study from Denmark,
https://academic.oup.com/rheumatol...1093/rheumatology/keaa897/6053804.
Cravedi et al., American Journal of Transplantation, doi:10.1111/ajt.16185,
COVID‐19 and kidney transplantation: Results from the TANGO International Transplant Consortium,
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ajt.16185.
D'Arminio Monforte et al., Int. J. Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.056,
Effectiveness of Hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 disease: A done and dusted situation?,
https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30600-7/fulltext.
Datta et al., Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination, S6:1000002,
No Role of HCQ in COVID-19 Prophylaxis: A Survey amongst Indian Doctors,
https://www.longdom.org/open-acces..-survey-amongst-indian-doctors.pdf.
Davido et al., Int. J. Antimicrobial Agents, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106129,
Impact of medical care including anti-infective agents use on the prognosis of COVID-19 hospitalized patients over time,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857920303125.
de la Iglesia et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.20185314,
Hydroxicloroquine for pre-exposure prophyylaxis for SARS-CoV-2,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.20185314v1.
De Luna et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.20247437,
Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients Admitted in a Tertiary Care Hospital in the Dominican Republic,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.11.20247437v1.
De Rosa et al., J. Clin. Med., doi:10.3390/jcm10091951,
Risk Factors for Mortality in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients in Piedmont, Italy: Results from the Multicenter, Regional, CORACLE Registry,
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/9/1951.
Deaton et al., Social Science & Medicine, 210, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.005,
Understanding and misunderstanding randomized controlled trials,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953617307359.
Derwand et al., International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106214 (preprint 7/3),
COVID-19 Outpatients – Early Risk-Stratified Treatment with Zinc Plus Low Dose Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: A Retrospective Case Series Study,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857920304258.
Desbois et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-41653/v1,
Prevalence and clinical features of COVID-19 in a large cohort of 199 patients with sarcoidosis,
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-41653/v1.
Dev et al., Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, doi:10.1093/trstmh/trab047,
Risk factors and frequency of COVID-19 among healthcare workers at a tertiary care centre in India: a case–control study,
https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/ad..doi/10.1093/trstmh/trab047/6186057.
Dhibar et al., International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106224,
Post Exposure Prophylaxis with Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for the Prevention of COVID-19, a Myth or a Reality? The PEP-CQ Study,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857920304350.
Di Castelnuovo et al., Journal of Healthcare Engineering, doi:10.1155/2021/5556207 (preprint 1/29/2021),
Disentangling the Association of Hydroxychloroquine Treatment with Mortality in Covid-19 Hospitalized Patients through Hierarchical Clustering,
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jhe/2021/5556207/.
Di Castelnuovo (B) et al., European J. Internal Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2020.08.019,
Use of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalised COVID-19 patients is associated with reduced mortality: Findings from the observational multicentre Italian CORIST study,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/scie../article/abs/pii/S0953620520303356.
Dr. Goldin,
Summary of HCQ usage in India from an MD in India,
https://www.facebook.com/groups/hy..oquine/permalink/2367454293560817/.
Dubee et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.03.005 (preprint 10/21),
Hydroxychloroquine in mild-to-moderate COVID-19: a placebo-controlled double blind trial,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1198743X21001403.
Dubernet et al., J. Global Antimicrobial Resistance, doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2020.08.001,
A comprehensive strategy for the early treatment of COVID-19 with azithromycin/hydroxychloroquine and/or corticosteroids: results of a retrospective observational study in the French overseas department of Reunion Island,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221371652030206X.
Efecto Cocuyo,
Venezuela empieza a usar la cloroquina para tratar COVID-19, anuncia Jorge Rodríguez,
https://efectococuyo.com/coronavir..-covid-19-anuncia-jorge-rodriguez/.
Esper et al., Prevent Senior Institute, São Paulo, Brazil,
Empirical treatment with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for suspected cases of COVID-19 followed-up by telemedicine,
https://www.dropbox.com/s/5qm58cd4..20journal%20manuscript%20final.pdf.
Expats.cz,
Czech Health Ministry permits temporary use of hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19,
https://news.expats.cz/weekly-czec..ne-in-hospitals-to-treat-covid-19/.
Face 2 Face Africa,
Djibouti, others warned about chloroquine despite big COVID-19 recoveries,
https://face2faceafrica.com/articl..ne-despite-big-covid-19-recoveries.
Faíco-Filho et al., Braz J Microbiol, doi:10.1007/s42770-020-00395-x (preprint 6/21),
No benefit of hydroxychloroquine on SARS-CoV-2 viral load reduction in non-critical hospitalized patients with COVID-19,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42770-020-00395-x.
Falcone et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa563,
Role of low-molecular weight heparin in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: a prospective observational study,
https://academic.oup.com/ofid/adva..e/doi/10.1093/ofid/ofaa563/5992463.
Ferreira et al., J. Medical Virology, July 9, 2020, doi:10.1002/jmv.26286 (preprint 6/29),
Chronic treatment with hydroxychloroquine and SARS-CoV-2 infection,
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmv.26286.
Ferri at al., Clinical Rheumatology, doi:0.1007/s10067-020-05334-7,
COVID-19 and rheumatic autoimmune systemic diseases: report of a large Italian patients series,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10067-020-05334-7.
Filipova et al., Health Science Journal,
Is there a Correlation between Changes in Hydroxychloroquine Use and Mortality Rates from COVID-19?,
https://www.hsj.gr/medicine/is-the..nd-mortalityrates-from-covid19.pdf.
Fitzgerald et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.21251069,
Risk Factors for Infection and Health Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic in People with Autoimmune Diseases,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.21251069v1.
Fontana et al., Clinical Kidney Journal, 13:3, 334–339, doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaa084,
SARS-CoV-2 infection in dialysis patients in northern Italy: a single-centre experience,
https://academic.oup.com/ckj/article/13/3/334/5860798.
France 24,
Covid-19: In Cameroon, chloroquine therapy hailed by French expert becomes state protocol,
https://www.france24.com/en/202005..ench-expert-becomes-state-protocol.
France 24 (B),
Covid-19 : au Cameroun, la méthode Raoult érigée en protocole d'État,
https://www.france24.com/fr/202005..ig%C3%A9e-en-protocole-d-%C3%A9tat.
Franceinfo,
Ces pays africains qui ont décidé de continuer à soigner le Covid-19 avec l'hydroxychloroquine,
https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/..-l-hydroxychloroquine_3983239.html.
Fried et al., Clinical Infectious Disease, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1268,
Patient Characteristics and Outcomes of 11,721 Patients with COVID19 Hospitalized Across the United States,
https://academic.oup.com/cid/advan..e/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1268/5898276.
Frontera et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-94509/v1,
Treatment with Zinc is Associated with Reduced In-Hospital Mortality Among COVID-19 Patients: A Multi-Center Cohort Study,
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-94509/v1.
Gadhiya et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042549,
Clinical characteristics of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 and the impact on mortality: a single-network, retrospective cohort study from Pennsylvania state,
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/4/e042549.info.
Garcia-Albeniz et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.20203869,
Brief communication: A meta-analysis of randomized trials of hydroxychloroquine for the prevention of COVID-19,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.20203869v2.
Gautret et al., Int. J. of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949 (preprint 3/17),
Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/scie../article/abs/pii/S0924857920300996.
Geleris et al., NEJM, May 7, 2020, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2012410,
Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19,
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2012410.
Gendebien et al., Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218244,
Systematic analysis of COVID-19 infection and symptoms in a systemic lupus erythematosus population: correlation with disease characteristics, hydroxychloroquine use and immunosuppressive treatments,
https://ard.bmj.com/content/early/2020/06/25/annrheumdis-2020-218244.
Gendelman et al., Autoimmunity Reviews, 19:7, July 2020, doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102566,
Continuous Hydroxychloroquine or Colchicine Therapy Does Not Prevent Infection With SARS-CoV-2: Insights From a Large Healthcare Database Analysis,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568997220301282.
Gentry et al., Lancet Rheumatology, doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30305-2,
Long-term hydroxychloroquine use in patients with rheumatic conditions and development of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study,
https://www.thelancet.com/journals../PIIS2665-9913(20)30305-2/fulltext.
Gerlovin et al., American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwab183,
Pharmacoepidemiology, Machine Learning and COVID-19: An intent-to-treat analysis of hydroxychloroquine, with or without azithromycin, and COVID-19 outcomes amongst hospitalized US Veterans,
https://academic.oup.com/aje/advan..le/doi/10.1093/aje/kwab183/6308675.
Gianfrancesco et al., Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 79:7, 859-866, doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217871,
Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry,
https://europepmc.org/article/med/32471903.
Global Times,
Chinese medical expert decorated by Djibouti for COVID-19 prevention,
https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1189839.shtml.
Goenka et al., SSRN, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3689618,
Seroprevalence of COVID-19 Amongst Health Care Workers in a Tertiary Care Hospital of a Metropolitan City from India,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3689618.
Goldman et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2015301,
Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe Covid-19,
https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2015301.
Gönenli et al., Research Square, doi:0.21203/rs.3.rs-107937/v1,
Prophylactic use of Hydroxychloroquine among Physicians working in Pandemic Hospitals,
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-107937/v1.
Gonzalez et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.21252037,
Efficacy and safety of Ivermectin and Hydroxychloroquine in patients with severe COVID-19. A randomized controlled trial,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.21252037v1.
Gonzalez (B) et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.08.18.20172874,
The Prognostic Value of Eosinophil Recovery in COVID-19: A Multicentre, Retrospective Cohort Study on Patients Hospitalised in Spanish Hospitals,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.20172874v1.
Government of China,
关于印发新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案（试行第八版）的通知,
http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p..df12bd4b46e5bd28ca7f9a7f5e5a.shtml.
Government of India,
The caregiver and all close contacts of such cases should take HCQ prophylaxis,
https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/RevisedHomeIsolationGuidelines.pdf.
Government of Venezuela,
THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT GUIDE FOR COVID-19 PATIENTS AND CONTACTS,
http://www.mpps.gob.ve/index.php/sistemas/descargas.
Grau-Pujol et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-72132/v1,
Pre-exposure prophylaxis with hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: initial results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial,
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-350749/v1.
Guérin et al., Asian J. Medicine and Health, July 15, 2020, doi:10.9734/ajmah/2020/v18i730224 (preprint 5/31),
Azithromycin and Hydroxychloroquine Accelerate Recovery of Outpatients with Mild/Moderate COVID-19,
https://www.journalajmah.com/index.php/AJMAH/article/view/30224.
Guglielmetti et al., Journal of Infection and Public Health, doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.11.012,
Severe COVID-19 pneumonia in Piacenza, Italy – a cohort study of the first pandemic wave,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034120307516.
Guisado-Vasco,
Clinical characteristics and outcomes among hospitalized adults with severe COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary medical center and receiving antiviral, antimalarials, glucocorticoids, or immunomodulation with tocilizumab or cyclosporine: A retrospective observational study (COQUIMA cohort),
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537020303357.
Guisado-Vasco (B),
Clinical characteristics and outcomes among hospitalized adults with severe COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary medical center and receiving antiviral, antimalarials, glucocorticoids, or immunomodulation with tocilizumab or cyclosporine: A retrospective observational study (COQUIMA cohort),
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537020303357.
GulfInsider,
Coronavirus: Bahrain’s Therapeutic Medication Proved Effective,
https://www.gulf-insider.com/coron..eutic-medication-proved-effective/.
Güner et al., Journal of Infection and Public Health, doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.017,
Comparing ICU Admission Rates of Mild/Moderate COVID-19 Patients Treated with Hydroxychloroquine, Favipiravir, and Hydroxychloroquine plus Favipiravir,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034120307735.
Gupta et al., JAMA Intern. Med., doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3596,
Factors Associated With Death in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the US,
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/j..ternalmedicine/fullarticle/2768602.
Heberto et al., IJC Heart & Vasculature, doi:10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100638,
Implications of myocardial injury in Mexican hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352906720303365.
Heras et al., European Geriatric Medicine, doi:10.1007/s41999-020-00432-w (preprint 9/2),
COVID-19 mortality risk factors in older people in a long-term care center,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41999-020-00432-w.
Hernandez-Cardenas et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.21250371,
Hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe respiratory infection by COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.21250371v1.
Hong et al., Infect. Chemother., 2020, doi:10.3947/ic.2020.52.e43,
Early Hydroxychloroquine Administration for Rapid Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Eradication,
https://icjournal.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3947/ic.2020.52.3.396.
Hraiech et al., Ann. Intensive Care, doi:10.1186/s13613-020-00678-4,
Lack of viral clearance by the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin or lopinavir and ritonavir in SARS-CoV-2-related acute respiratory distress syndrome,
https://annalsofintensivecare.spri..rticles/10.1186/s13613-020-00678-4.
Huang et al., Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2020:79, 1163-1169, doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217425,
Clinical characteristics of 17 patients with COVID-19 and systemic autoimmune diseases: a retrospective study,
https://ard.bmj.com/content/79/9/1163.
Huang (B) et al., National Science Review, nwaa113, doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa113,
Preliminary evidence from a multicenter prospective observational study of the safety and efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19,
https://academic.oup.com/nsr/advan..le/doi/10.1093/nsr/nwaa113/5848167.
Huang (C) et al., Journal of Molecular Cell Biology, Volume 12, Issue 4, April 2020, 322–325, doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjaa014,
Treating COVID-19 with Chloroquine,
https://academic.oup.com/jmcb/article/12/4/322/5814655.
Huang (D) et al., National Science Review, nwaa113, doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa113,
Preliminary evidence from a multicenter prospective observational study of the safety and efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19,
https://academic.oup.com/nsr/advan..le/doi/10.1093/nsr/nwaa113/5848167.
Huh et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.041,
Association of prescribed medications with the risk of COVID-19 infection and severity among adults in South Korea,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220325650.
Huh (B) et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.20089904,
Association of previous medications with the risk of COVID-19: a nationwide claims-based study from South Korea,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.20089904v2.
IHU Marseille,
Meta-analysis on chloroquine derivatives and COVID-19 mortality,
https://www.mediterranee-infection..9-mortality-october20-2020-update/.
Ip et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-021-05773-w (preprint 8/25),
Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of outpatients with mildly symptomatic COVID-19: A multi-center observational study,
https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral..rticles/10.1186/s12879-021-05773-w.
Ip (B) et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237693,
Hydroxychloroquine and Tocilizumab Therapy in COVID-19 Patients - An Observational Study,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237693.
Izoulet M., SSRN, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3575899,
Countries which Primarily Use Antimalarial Drugs As COVID-19 Treatment See Slower Dynamic of Daily Deaths,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3575899.
Jacobs et al., The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.06.026,
Multi-institutional Analysis of 200 COVID-19 Patients treated with ECMO:Outcomes and Trends,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003497521011772.
Johnston et al., EClinicalMedicine, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100773 (preprint 12/9),
Hydroxychloroquine with or Without Azithromycin for Treatment of Early SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among High-Risk Outpatient Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial,
https://www.thelancet.com/journals../PIIS2589-5370(21)00053-5/fulltext.
Jung et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.003,
Effect of hydroxychloroquine pre-exposure on infection with SARS-CoV-2 in rheumatic disease patients: A population-based cohort study,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1198743X20307527.
Kadnur et al., SSRN, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3622350,
Hydroxychloroquine Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19 Among Healthcare Workers: Initial Experience from India,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3622350.
Kalligeros et al., Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2020.07.018,
Hydroxychloroquine use in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: An observational matched cohort study,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213716520301934.
Kamran et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.07.30.20165365,
Clearing the fog: Is HCQ effective in reducing COVID-19 progression: A randomized controlled trial,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.30.20165365v1.
Kamstrup et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.076,
Hydroxychloroquine as a primary prophylactic agent against sars-cov-2 infection: a cohort study,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971221004781.
Kelly et al., British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, doi:10.1111/bcp.14482,
Clinical outcomes and adverse events in patients hospitalised with COVID‐19, treated with off‐label hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin,
https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bcp.14482.
Khurana et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.07.21.20159301,
Prevalence and clinical correlates of COVID-19 outbreak among healthcare workers in a tertiary level hospital,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.21.20159301v1.
Kim et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.20094193,
Treatment Response to Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, and Antibiotics for Moderate COVID 19: A First Report on the Pharmacological Outcomes from South Korea,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10..20.05.13.20094193v1?versioned=true.
Kirenga et al., BMJ Open Respiratory Research, doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000646,
Characteristics and outcomes of admitted patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Uganda,
https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/7/1/e000646.
Kokturk et al., Respiratory Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106433,
The predictors of COVID-19 mortality in a nationwide cohort of Turkish patients,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0954611121001396.
Komissarov et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.20143289,
Hydroxychloroquine has no effect on SARS-CoV-2 load in nasopharynx of patients with mild form of COVID-19,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.20143289v1.
Konig et al., Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217690,
Baseline use of hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus does not preclude SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19,
https://ard.bmj.com/content/early/2020/05/20/annrheumdis-2020-217690.
Korkmaz et al., Authorea, doi:10.22541/au.162257516.68665404/v1,
The effect of Hydroxychloroquine use due to rheumatic disease on the risk of Covid-19 infection and its course,
https://www.authorea.com/doi/full/10.22541/au.162257516.68665404.
Krishnan et al., J Clin Anesth., doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110005,
Clinical comorbidities, characteristics, and outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients in the State of Michigan with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7369577/.
Kuderer et al., Lancet, June 20, 2020, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31187-9 (preprint 5/28),
Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): a cohort study,
https://www.thelancet.com/journals../PIIS0140-6736(20)31187-9/fulltext.
Ladapo et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.09.30.20204693,
Randomized Controlled Trials of Early Ambulatory Hydroxychloroquine in the Prevention of COVID-19 Infection, Hospitalization, and Death: Meta-Analysis,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.30.20204693v1.
Lagier et al., Preprint,
Outcomes of 2,111 COVID-19 hospitalised patients treated with 2 hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin and other regimens in Marseille, France: a 3 monocentric retrospective analysis,
https://www.mediterranee-infection..11-hospitalise%CC%81s-01062021.pdf.
Lagier (B) et al., Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 101791, Jun 25, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101791,
Outcomes of 3,737 COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin and other regimens in Marseille, France: A retrospective analysis,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893920302817.
Lamback et al., The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101549,
Hydroxychloroquine with azithromycin in patients hospitalized for mild and moderate COVID-19,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S141386702100012X.
Lambermont et al., Critical Care Explorations, doi:10.1097/CCE.0000000000000305,
Predictors of Mortality and Effect of Drug Therapies in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Multicenter Cohort Study,
https://journals.lww.com/ccejourna..rtality_and_Effect_of_Drug.10.aspx.
Lammers et al., Int. J. Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1460,
Early hydroxychloroquine but not chloroquine use reduces ICU admission in COVID-19 patients,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220321755.
Lano et al., Clinical Kidney Journal, 13:5, October 2020, 878–888, doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaa199,
Risk factors for severity of COVID-19 in chronic dialysis patients from a multicentre French cohort,
https://academic.oup.com/ckj/article/13/5/878/5934808.
Laplana et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243598,
Lack of protective effect of chloroquine derivatives on COVID-19 disease in a Spanish sample of chronically treated patients,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0243598.
Lauriola et al., Clinical and Translational Science, doi:10.1111/cts.12860,
Effect of combination therapy of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin on mortality in COVID‐19 patients,
https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cts.12860.
Le Nouvel Afrik,
Covid-19 : pourquoi les Marocains décèdent plus en Europe qu’au Maroc,
https://www.afrik.com/covid-19-pou..ecedent-plus-en-europe-qu-au-maroc.
Lecronier et al., Critical Care, 24:418, 2020, doi:10.1186/s13054-020-03117-9,
Comparison of hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and standard of care in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: an opportunistic retrospective analysis,
https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-020-03117-9.
Lee et al., Arch Intern Med., 2011, 171:1, 18-22, doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.482,
Analysis of Overall Level of Evidence Behind Infectious Diseases Society of America Practice Guidelines,
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/j..nternalmedicine/fullarticle/226373.
Li et al., Science China Life Sciences, doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1871-4,
Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in comparison with chloroquine in moderate and severe patients with COVID-19,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11427-020-1871-4.
Li (B) et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-119202/v1,
Treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine: A retrospective analysis,
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-119202/v1.
LifeSiteNews,
Doctors insist this cheap, safe drug is “key to preventing huge loss of life” from Wuhan virus,
https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/..huge-loss-of-life-from-covid-virus.
López et al., Annals of Pediatrics, doi:10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.10.017
,
Telemedicine follow-ups for COVID-19: experience in a tertiary hospital,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1695403320304768.
Lora-Tamayo et al., J. Infection, doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.02.011,
Early Lopinavir/ritonavir does not reduce mortality in COVID-19 patients: results of a large multicenter study,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163445321000773.
Lotfy et al., Turk. Thorac. J., doi:10.5152/TurkThoracJ.2021.20180,
Use of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study,
https://turkthoracj.org/en/use-of-..pective-observational-study-131729.
Luo et al., Annals of Oncology, 31:10, 1386-1396, doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.06.007,
COVID-19 in patients with lung cancer,
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/a..cle/S0923-7534(20)39894-X/fulltext.
Ly et al., International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106219 (preprint 8/21),
Pattern of SARS-CoV-2 infection among dependant elderly residents living in retirement homes in Marseille, France, March-June 2020,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/scie../article/abs/pii/S0924857920304301.
Lyngbakken et al., Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19056-6,
A pragmatic randomized controlled trial reports lack of efficacy of hydroxychloroquine on coronavirus disease 2019 viral kinetics,
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-19056-6.
Macias et al., medRxiv, 10.1101/2020.05.16.20104141,
Similar incidence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with rheumatic diseases with and without hydroxychloroquine therapy,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.16.20104141v1.
Magagnoli et al., Med (2020), doi:10.1016/j.medj.2020.06.001 (preprint 4/21),
Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United States veterans hospitalized with Covid-19,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666634020300064.
Mahévas et al., BMJ 2020, 369, doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1844,
Clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with covid-19 pneumonia who require oxygen: observational comparative study using routine care data,
https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1844.
Maldonado et al., Nefrología, doi:10.1016/j.nefro.2020.09.002,
COVID-19 incidence and outcomes in a home dialysis unit in Madrid (Spain) at the height of the pandemic,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0211699520301661.
Mallat et al., Medicine (Baltimore), doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000023720 (preprint 5/2),
Hydroxychloroquine is associated with slower viral clearance in clinical COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate disease: A retrospective study,
https://journals.lww.com/md-journa..sociated_with_slower_viral.34.aspx.
Martin-Vicente et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.21253121,
Absent or insufficient anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies at ICU admission are associated to higher viral loads in plasma, antigenemia and mortality in COVID-19 patients,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.21253121v1.
Martinez-Lopez et al., Blood Cancer Journal, doi:10.1038/s41408-020-00372-5,
Multiple Myeloma and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Factors of Inpatient Mortality,
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-020-00372-5.
Matangila et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244272,
Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients hospitalized at Clinique Ngaliema, a public hospital in Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A retrospective cohort study,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0244272.
Mathai et al., J. Marine Medical Society, doi:10.4103/jmms.jmms_115_20,
Hydroxychloroquine as pre-exposure prophylaxis against COVID-19 in health-care workers: A single-center experience,
https://www.marinemedicalsociety.in/preprintarticle.asp?id=300159.
McGrail et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.20156521,
COVID-19 Case Series at UnityPoint Health St. Luke’s Hospital in Cedar Rapids, IA,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.20156521v1.
McLean et al., Open Forum Infect. Dis. September 2015, 2:3, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofv100,
Impact of Late Oseltamivir Treatment on Influenza Symptoms in the Outpatient Setting: Results of a Randomized Trial,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4525010/.
Medical World Nigeria,
Chloroquine potent for COVID-19 prevention, says NAFDAC,
https://medicalworldnigeria.com/po..9-Prevention-Says-NAFDAC?pid=45479.
Medical Xpress,
Senegal says hydroxychloroquine virus treatment is promising,
https://medicalxpress.com/news/202..xychloroquine-virus-treatment.html.
Medical Xpress (B),
Amid global controversy, Greece moves forward with chloroquine,
https://medicalxpress.com/news/202..ontroversy-greece-chloroquine.html.
Membrillo de Novales et al., Preprints 2020, 2020050057, doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0057.v1,
Early Hydroxychloroquine Is Associated with an Increase of Survival in COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Study,
https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202005.0057.
Meneguesso, A.,
Médica defende tratamento precoce da Covid-19,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5FCrIm_19U.
Middle East Eye,
Coronavirus: Turkey says hydroxychloroquine dramatically reduces pneumonia cases,
https://www.middleeasteye.net/news..roquine-malaria-treatment-progress.
Mikami et al., J. Gen. Intern. Med., doi:10.1007/s11606-020-05983-z,
Risk Factors for Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in New York City,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-020-05983-z.
Million et al., Preprint,
Early Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin in 10,429 COVID-19 Outpatients: A Monocentric Retrospective Cohort Study,
https://www.mediterranee-infection..ploads/2020/04/MS-IHU-Preprint.pdf.
Ministerstva Zdravotnictví,
Rozhodnutí o dočasném povolení neregistrovaného humánního léčivého přípravku HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE SULFATE TABLETS,
https://www.mzcr.cz/rozhodnuti-o-d..ydroxychloroquine-sulfate-tablets/.
Ministry of Health of Ukraine,
ПРОТОКОЛ «НАДАННЯ МЕДИЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ ДЛЯ ЛІКУВАННЯ КОРОНАВІРУСНОЇ ХВОРОБИ (COVID-19)» ,
https://www.dec.gov.ua/wp-content/..04/2020_762_protokol_covid19-f.pdf.
Ministry of Health of Ukraine (B),
«НАДАННЯ МЕДИЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ ДЛЯ ЛІКУВАННЯ КОРОНАВІРУСНОЇ ХВОРОБИ (COVID-19),
https://moz.gov.ua/uploads/5/26129-dn_2106_17_09_2020_dod_1.pdf.
Mitchell et al., SSRN, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3586954,
Markedly Lower Rates of Coronavirus Infection and Fatality in Malaria-Endemic Regions – A Clue As to Treatment?,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3586954.
Mitjà et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, ciaa1009, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1009,
Hydroxychloroquine for Early Treatment of Adults with Mild Covid-19: A Randomized-Controlled Trial,
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1009/5872589.
Mitjà (B) et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2021801 (preprint 7/26),
A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine as Prevention of Covid-19 Transmission and Disease,
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2021801.
Modrák et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.12.03.20239863,
Detailed disease progression of 213 patients hospitalized with Covid-19 in the Czech Republic: An exploratory analysis,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.20239863v1.
Mohandas et al., ,
Clinical review of COVID-19 patients presenting to a quaternary care private hospital in South India: A retrospective study,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213398421000555.
Mokhtari et al., International Immunopharmacology, doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107636,
Clinical outcomes of patients with mild COVID-19 following treatment with hydroxychloroquine in an outpatient setting,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567576921002721.
Morocco World News,
Moroccan Scientist: Morocco’s Chloroquine Success Reveals European Failures,
https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2..success-reveals-european-failures/.
Mosaique Guinee,
Traitement des malades de covid19 en Guinée: « nous continuons avec l’hydroxychloroquine » (ANSS),
https://mosaiqueguinee.com/traitem..ons-avec-lhydroxychloroquine-anss/.
Nachega et al., The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-1240,
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 in Africa: Early Insights from the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
https://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1240.
Naggie et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.21262275,
Hydroxychloroquine for pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 in health care workers: a randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial (HERO-HCQ),
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.21262275v1.
Ñamendys-Silva et al., Heart & Lung, doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.10.013,
Outcomes of patients with COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit in Mexico: A multicenter observational study,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014795632030412X.
Naseem et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.12.13.20247254,
Predicting mortality in SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) positive patients in the inpatient setting using a Novel Deep Neural Network,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.13.20247254v1.
Nichol et al., Injury, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2010.03.033,
Challenging issues in randomised controlled trials,
https://www.injuryjournal.com/article/S0020-1383(10)00233-0/fulltext.
Nigeria News World,
COVID-19: Jigawa govt reveals secret behind mass recovery of patients,
https://nigerianewsworld.com/news/..-behind-mass-recovery-of-patients/.
NPR News,
Senegal pledges a bed for every coronavirus patient,
https://wfuv.org/content/senegal-p..t-%E2%80%94-and-their-contacts-too.
Núñez-Gil et al., Intern. Emerg. Med., doi:10.1007/s11739-020-02543-5,
Mortality risk assessment in Spain and Italy, insights of the HOPE COVID-19 registry,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649104/.
Omrani et al., EClinicalMedicine, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100645,
Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for virologic cure of non-severe Covid-19,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537020303898.
Oneindia,
No COVID-19 death in Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim so far: Govt,
https://www.oneindia.com/india/no-..o-far-health-ministry-3111048.html.
Orioli et al., Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.020,
Clinical characteristics and short-term prognosis of in-patients with diabetes and COVID-19: A retrospective study from an academic center in Belgium,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871402120305154.
Ouedraogo et al., Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, doi:10.1016/j.rmr.2021.02.001,
Factors associated with the occurrence of acute respiratory distress and death in patients with COVID-19 in Burkina Faso,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0761842521000383.
Ozturk et al., Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, doi:10.1093/ndt/gfaa271,
Mortality analysis of COVID-19 infection in chronic kidney disease, haemodialysis and renal transplant patients compared with patients without kidney disease: a nationwide analysis from Turkey,
https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/35/12/2083/6020341.
Paccoud et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa791,
Compassionate use of hydroxychloroquine in clinical practice for patients with mild to severe Covid-19 in a French university hospital,
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa791/5859555.
Pan African Medical Journal,
Clinical characteristics, treatment regimen and duration of hospitalization among COVID-19 patients in Ghana: a retrospective cohort study,
https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/series/37/1/9/full/.
Parola et al.,
COVID-19 in Africa: What else?,
https://www.mediterranee-infection..oads/2020/09/COVIDAfricaJOUMII.pdf.
Pasquini et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkaa321,
Effectiveness of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19 under mechanical ventilation in an Italian ICU,
https://academic.oup.com/jac/article/75/11/3359/5896161.
Patil et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-805748/v1,
A Prospective Longitudinal Study Evaluating The Influence of Immunosuppressives and Other Factors On COVID-19 in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases,
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-805748/v1.
Peng et al., Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, doi:10.1093/ndt/gfaa288,
Early versus late acute kidney injury among patients with COVID-19—a multicenter study from Wuhan, China ,
https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/35/12/2095/6020340.
Peters et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.004 (preprint 8/15),
Outcomes of Persons With COVID-19 in Hospitals With and Without Standard Treatment With (Hydroxy)chloroquine,
https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyan..cle/S1198-743X(20)30615-7/fulltext.
Pham et al., Rheumatology Advances in Practice, 10.1093/rap/rkab014,
Failure of chronic hydroxychloroquine in preventing severe complications of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases,
https://academic.oup.com/rheumap/a..le/doi/10.1093/rap/rkab014/6156645.
Pilot News,
Chloroquine Can Treat Coronavirus at Early Stage – NAFDAC DG,
https://www.westafricanpilotnews.c..onavirus-at-early-stage-nafdac-dg/.
Pinato et al., Cancer Discovery, doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0773,
Clinical portrait of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in European cancer patients,
https://cancerdiscovery.aacrjourna..ly/2020/08/18/2159-8290.CD-20-0773.
PledgeTimes,
Russian Ministry of Health has updated recommendations for the treatment of COVID-19,
https://pledgetimes.com/russian-mi..ons-for-the-treatment-of-covid-19/.
Pleno.News,
Cuba stands out in combating Covid with hydroxychloroquine,
https://pleno.news/saude/coronavir..a-covid-com-hidroxicloroquina.html.
Polat et al., Medical Journal of Bakirkoy, 16:3, 280-6, doi:10.5222/BMJ.2020.50469,
Hydroxychloroquine Use on Healthcare Workers Exposed to COVID-19 -A Pandemic Hospital Experience,
https://www.bakirkoytip.org/jvi.as..oytip&plng=eng&un=BMJ-50469&look4=.
Prodromos et al., New Microbes and New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100776,
Hydroxychloroquine is effective, and consistently so used early, for Covid-19: A systematic review,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2052297520301281.
Psevdos et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.721,
Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) in a Veterans Affairs Hospital at Suffolk County, Long Island, New York,
https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/7/Supplement_1/S330/6057008.
Purwati et al., Biochemistry Research International, doi:10.1155/2021/6685921,
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Clinical Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of a Drug Combination of Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Azithromycin, Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Doxycycline, and Azithromycin-Hydroxychloroquine for Patients Diagnosed with Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Infections,
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bri/2021/6685921/.
Q Costa Rica,
Hydroxychloroquine: The Drug Costa Rica Uses Successfully To Fight Covid-19,
https://qcostarica.com/hydroxychlo..es-successfully-to-fight-covid-19/.
Qin et al., Thrombosis Research, doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.11.020,
Low molecular weight heparin and 28-day mortality among patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A cohort study in the early epidemic era,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049384820306277.
Rajasingham et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.09.18.20197327,
Hydroxychloroquine as pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 in healthcare workers: a randomized trial,
https://academic.oup.com/cid/advan..e/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1571/5929230.
Ramírez-García et al., Archivos de Medicina Universitaria,
Hydroxychloroquine and Tocilizumab in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Longitudinal Observational Study,
https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/69170.
Rangel et al., Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.10.098,
Chronic Hydroxychloroquine Therapy and COVID-19 Outcomes: A Retrospective Case-Control Analysis,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962221001109.
Rathi et al. Lancet Infect. Dis. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30313-3,
Hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis for COVID-19 contacts in India,
https://www.thelancet.com/journals../PIIS1473-3099(20)30313-3/fulltext.
Réa-Neto et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88509-9,
An open-label randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine in severe COVID-19 patients,
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-88509-9.
RECOVERY Collaborative Group, NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2022926 (press release 6/5),
Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Preliminary results from a multi-centre, randomized, controlled trial,
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2022926.
Reis et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.6468,
Effect of Early Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Lopinavir and Ritonavir on Risk of Hospitalization Among Patients With COVID-19 The TOGETHER Randomized Clinical Trial,
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2779044.
Rentsch et al., The Lancet Rheumatology, doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30378-7 (preprint 9/9, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.20187781v1),
Effect of pre-exposure use of hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19 mortality: a population-based cohort study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus using the OpenSAFELY platform,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665991320303787.
Revollo et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkaa477,
Hydroxychloroquine pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 in healthcare workers,
https://academic.oup.com/jac/advan..le/doi/10.1093/jac/dkaa477/5997449.
Risch, American Journal of Epidemiology, kwaa093, 27 May 2020, doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa093,
Early Outpatient Treatment of Symptomatic, High-Risk Covid-19 Patients that Should be Ramped-Up Immediately as Key to the Pandemic Crisis,
https://academic.oup.com/aje/advan..le/doi/10.1093/aje/kwaa093/5847586.
Risch (B), H., American Journal of Epidemiology, July 20, 2020, doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa152,
Response to: “Early Outpatient Treatment of Symptomatic, High-Risk Covid-19 Patients” and “Re: Early Outpatient Treatment of Symptomatic, High-Risk Covid-19 Patients that Should be Ramped-Up Immediately as Key to the Pandemic Crisis”,
https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/doi/10.1093/aje/kwaa152/5873640.
Rivera et al., Cancer Discovery, doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0941,
Utilization of COVID-19 Treatments and Clinical Outcomes among Patients with Cancer: A COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) Cohort Study,
https://cancerdiscovery.aacrjourna..ly/2020/09/12/2159-8290.CD-20-0941.
Rivera-Izquierdo et al., Medicina Clínica, doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2020.06.025,
Agentes terapéuticos utilizados en 238 pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 y su relación con la mortalidad,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025775320304486.
Rodrigues et al., International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106428,
Hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin early treatment of mild COVID-19 in outpatient setting: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating viral clearance,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857921002065.
Rodriguez et al., Medicina Intensiva, doi:10.1016/j.medine.2020.05.005,
Severe infection due to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus: Experience of a tertiary hospital with COVID-19 patients during the 2020 pandemic,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2173572720301739.
Rodriguez-Gonzalez et al., International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106249,
COVID-19 in hospitalized patients in Spain: a cohort study in Madrid,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857920304696.
Rogado et al., Lung Cancer, doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.05.034,
Covid-19 and lung cancer: A greater fatality rate?,
https://www.lungcancerjournal.info..cle/S0169-5002(20)30468-2/fulltext.
Roger et al., Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.accpm.2021.100931,
French Multicentre Observational Study on SARS-CoV-2 infections Intensive care initial management: the FRENCH CORONA Study,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352556821001351.
Roig et al., Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia, doi:10.37201/req/130.2020,
Clinical and pharmacological data in COVID-19 hospitalized nonagenarian patients,
https://europepmc.org/article/med/33522213.
Rojas-Serrano et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.21257059,
Hydroxychloroquine For Prophylaxis Of COVID-19 In Health Workers: A Randomized Clinical Trial,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.21257059v1.
Roomi et al., J. Medical Internet Research, doi:10.2196/21758,
Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab in patients with COVID-19: A single-center retrospective chart review,
https://www.jmir.org/2020/9/e21758/.
Rosenberg et al., JAMA, May 11, 2020, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8630,
Association of Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With COVID-19 in New York State,
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2766117.
Roy et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.21252883,
Outcome of Different Therapeutic Interventions in Mild COVID-19 Patients in a Single OPD Clinic of West Bengal: A Retrospective study,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.21252883v1.
Russian Government,
ВРЕМЕННЫЕ МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПРОФИЛАКТИКА, ДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ НОВОЙ КОРОНАВИРУСНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ (COVID-19),
https://static-0.minzdrav.gov.ru/s..D0%9C%D0%A0_COVID-19_%28v.9%29.pdf.
Russian Government (B),
Распоряжение Правительства Российской Федерации от 16.04.2020 № 1030-р,
http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202004160037#print.
Saib et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252388,
Lack of efficacy of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia: A retrospective study,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0252388.
Salazar et al., The American Journal of Pathology, doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.008,
Significantly Decreased Mortality in a Large Cohort of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients Transfused Early with Convalescent Plasma Containing High-Titer Anti–Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike Protein IgG,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002944020304892.
Saleemi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.20151027,
Time to negative PCR from symptom onset in COVID-19 patients on Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin - A real world experience,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.20151027v1.
Salvador et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.13687,
Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors of 245 Portuguese Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19,
https://www.cureus.com/articles/53..atients-hospitalized-with-covid-19.
Salvarani et al., Arthritis & Rheumatology, doi:10.1002/art.41475,
Susceptibility to COVID‐19 in Patients Treated With Antimalarials: A Population‐Based Study in Emilia‐Romagna, Northern Italy,
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.41475.
Sammartino et al., PLOS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251262,
Predictors for inpatient mortality during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A retrospective analysis,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0251262.
Sánchez-Álvarez et al., Nefrología, doi:10.1016/j.nefroe.2020.04.002,
Status of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients on renal replacement therapy. Report of the COVID-19 Registry of the Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN),
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S201325142030050X.
Sands et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.060,
No clinical benefit in mortality associated with hydroxychloroquine treatment in patients with COVID-19,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220325832.
Sarfaraz et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.12.28.20248920,
Determinants of in-hospital mortality in COVID-19; a prospective cohort study from Pakistan,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.20248920v1.
Sbidian et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.20132597,
Hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin and in-hospital mortality or discharge in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection: a cohort study of 4,642 in-patients in France,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.20132597v1.
Schwartz et al., CMAJ Open, doi:10.9778/cmajo.20210069,
Assessing the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine as outpatient treatment of COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial,
http://cmajopen.ca/content/9/2/E693.full.
Seet et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.035,
Positive impact of oral hydroxychloroquine and povidone-iodine throat spray for COVID-19 prophylaxis: an open-label randomized trial,
https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(21)00345-3/fulltext.
Self et al., JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.22240,
Effect of Hydroxychloroquine on Clinical Status at 14 Days in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial,
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2772922.
Serrano et al., Ann. Oncol., 2020, Sep, 31, S1026, doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.1830,
COVID-19 and lung cancer: What do we know?,
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/a..cle/S0923-7534(20)41826-5/fulltext.
Shabani et al., Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2021.102069,
Evaluation of the Prophylactic Effect of Hydroxychloroquine on People in Close-Contact with Patients with Covid-19,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/scie../article/abs/pii/S109455392100081X.
Shabrawishi et al., medRxix, doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.20095679,
Negative nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 PCR conversion in response to different therapeutic interventions,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.20095679v1.
Sheshah et al., Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108538,
Prevalence of Diabetes, Management and Outcomes among Covid-19 Adult Patients Admitted in a Specialized Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168822720307956.
Shoaibi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.09.23.20199463,
Comparative Effectiveness of Famotidine in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.20199463v1.
Signes-Costa et al., Archivos de Bronconeumología, doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2020.11.012,
Prevalence and 30-day mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and prior lung diseases,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300289620305354.
Simova et al., New Microbes and New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100813,
Hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19 in health care workers,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2052297520301657.
Simova (B) et al., New Microbes and New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100813,
Hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19 in health care workers,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2052297520301657.
Singer et al., Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218500,
Hydroxychloroquine ineffective for COVID-19 prophylaxis in lupus and rheumatoid arthritis,
https://ard.bmj.com/content/early/2020/08/19/annrheumdis-2020-218500.
Singh et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.20099028,
Outcomes of Hydroxychloroquine Treatment Among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the United States- Real-World Evidence From a Federated Electronic Medical Record Network,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.20099028v1.
Singh (B) et al., medRxiv, doi:0.1101/2021.06.06.21258091,
Safety and efficacy of antiviral therapy alone or in combination in COVID-19 - a randomized controlled trial (SEV COVID Trial),
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.06.21258091v1.
Sivapalan et al., European Respiratory Journal, doi:10.1183/13993003.00752-2021,
Azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine in hospitalised patients with confirmed COVID-19–a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled trial,
https://erj.ersjournals.com/conten..8/13993003.00752-2021.article-info.
Skipper et al., Annals of Internal Medicine, doi:10.7326/M20-4207,
Hydroxychloroquine in Nonhospitalized Adults With Early COVID-19: A Randomized Trial,
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-4207.
Smith et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.21258012,
Observational Study on 255 Mechanically Ventilated Covid Patients at the Beginning of the USA Pandemic,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.21258012v1.
Sobngwi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.25.21260838,
Doxycycline is a safe alternative to Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin to prevent clinical worsening and hospitalization in mild COVID-19 patients: An open label randomized clinical trial (DOXYCOV),
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.25.21260838v1.
Solh et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.20214130,
Clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome: data from a national repository,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.20214130v1.
SOLIDARITY Trial Consortium, NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2023184 (preprint 10/15),
Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19; interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results,
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2023184.
Sosa-García et al., Cir Cir. 2020, 88:5, 569-575, doi:10.24875/CIRU.20000675,
Experience in the management of severe COVID-19 patients in an intensive care unit,
https://cirugiaycirujanos.com/frame_esp.php?id=358.
Soto-Becerra et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.20208066,
Real-World Effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and ivermectin among hospitalized COVID-19 patients: Results of a target trial emulation using observational data from a nationwide Healthcare System in Peru,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.20208066v1.
Stewart et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248128,
COVID-19 Evidence Accelerator: A parallel analysis to describe the use of Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin among hospitalized COVID-19 patients,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0248128.
Stewart (B) et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248128,
COVID-19 Evidence Accelerator: A parallel analysis to describe the use of Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin among hospitalized COVID-19 patients,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0248128.
Stewart (C) et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248128,
COVID-19 Evidence Accelerator: A parallel analysis to describe the use of Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin among hospitalized COVID-19 patients,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0248128.
Stewart (D) et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248128,
COVID-19 Evidence Accelerator: A parallel analysis to describe the use of Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin among hospitalized COVID-19 patients,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0248128.
Stewart (E) et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248128,
COVID-19 Evidence Accelerator: A parallel analysis to describe the use of Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin among hospitalized COVID-19 patients,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0248128.
Stewart (F) et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248128,
COVID-19 Evidence Accelerator: A parallel analysis to describe the use of Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin among hospitalized COVID-19 patients,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0248128.
Stewart (G) et al., PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248128,
COVID-19 Evidence Accelerator: A parallel analysis to describe the use of Hydroxychloroquine with or without Azithromycin among hospitalized COVID-19 patients,
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/..le?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0248128.
Su et al., BioScience Trends, doi:10.5582/bst.2020.03340,
Efficacy of early hydroxychloroquine treatment in preventing COVID-19 pneumonia aggravation, the experience from Shanghai, China,
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/artic..vpub_2020.03340/_article/-char/ja/.
Sulaiman et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.20184143,
The Effect of Early Hydroxychloroquine-based Therapy in COVID-19 Patients in Ambulatory Care Settings: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.20184143v1.
Sweeting et al., Statistics in Medicine, doi:10.1002/sim.1761,
What to add to nothing? Use and avoidance of continuity corrections in meta‐analysis of sparse data,
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sim.1761.
Syed et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.21257012,
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis with Various Doses of Hdroxychloroquine among high-risk COVID 19 Healthcare Personnel: CHEER randomized controlled trial,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.21257012v1.
Synolaki et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.09.05.20184655,
The Activin/Follistatin-axis is severely deregulated in COVID-19 and independently associated with in-hospital mortality,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.05.20184655v2.
Szente Fonseca et al., Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101906,
Risk of Hospitalization for Covid-19 Outpatients Treated with Various Drug Regimens in Brazil: Comparative Analysis,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/scie../article/abs/pii/S1477893920304026.
Taccone et al., The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2020.100019,
The role of organizational characteristics on the outcome of COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU in Belgium,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666776220300193.
Taieb et al., J. Clin. Med. 2021, doi:10.3390/jcm10132954,
Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin Treatment of Hospitalized Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Senegal from March to October 2020,
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/13/2954.
Tan et al., Virus Research, doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198262,
A retrospective comparison of drugs against COVID-19,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/scie../article/abs/pii/S0168170220311692.
Tang et al., BMJ 2020, 369, doi:10.1136/bmj.m1849,
Hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial,
https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1849.
Tehrani et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.071,
Risk factors for mortality in adult COVID-19 patients: frailty predicts fatal outcome in older patients,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220322761.
Teller Report,
Coronavirus: a study in Senegal confirms the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine,
http://www.tellerreport.com/news/2..hydroxychloroquine.BJeet4Kst8.html.
Texeira et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.560,
Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients admitted to a regional health system in the southeast,
https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/7/Supplement_1/S251/6058327.
The Africa Report,
Coronavirus: Didier Raoult the African and chloroquine, from Dakar to Brazzaville,
https://www.theafricareport.com/26..roquine-from-dakar-to-brazzaville/.
The Australian,
India and Indonesia stand by antimalarials,
https://www.theaustralian.com.au/w..y/d7856d1371697fe69e4fcc39d7f1f97c.
The BL,
Russia supports the use of hydroxychloroquine, the drug to treat the CCP Virus suggested by Trump,
https://thebl.com/world-news/russi..oroquine-drug-ccp-virus-trump.html.
The East African,
Algeria backs use of malaria drug despite WHO dropping trials,
https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/n../4552902-5564930-duphp6/index.html.
The Guardian,
Chloroquine potent for COVID-19 prevention, says NAFDAC,
https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/n..r-covid-19-prevention-says-nafdac/.
The Indian Express,
Vadodara administration drive: HCQ helping in containing Covid-19 cases, say docs as analysis begins,
https://indianexpress.com/article/..y-docs-as-analysis-begins-6486049/.
The Moscow Times,
Russia Approves Unproven Malaria Drug to Treat Coronavirus,
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/202..a-drug-to-treat-coronavirus-a70025.
The New York Times,
Malaria Drug Taken by Trump Is Tied to Increased Risk of Heart Problems and Death in New Study,
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/22..alaria-drug-trump-coronavirus.html.
The New York Times (B),
Small Chloroquine Study Halted Over Risk of Fatal Heart Complications,
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/12..ronavirus-trump.html?smid=em-share.
The New York Times (C),
Malaria Drug Promoted by Trump Did Not Prevent Covid Infections, Study Finds,
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/03..chloroquine-coronavirus-trump.html.
The New York Times (D),
Coronavirus Can Be Deadly for Young Adults, Too, Study Finds,
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/10/world/covid-19-coronavirus.html.
The North Africa Post,
Morocco continues use of Chloroquine despite controversy,
https://northafricapost.com/41247-..loroquine-despite-controversy.html.
The Tico Times,
News briefs: Reopening plans on-track, hydroxychloroquine use to continue, partnership with Coursera,
https://ticotimes.net/2020/06/15/n..continue-partnership-with-coursera.
Thompson et al., NCT04332991,
Outcomes Related to COVID-19 Treated With Hydroxychloroquine Among In-patients With Symptomatic Disease (ORCHID),
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04332991.
Treanor et al., JAMA, 2000, 283:8, 1016-1024, doi:10.1001/jama.283.8.1016,
Efficacy and Safety of the Oral Neuraminidase Inhibitor Oseltamivir in Treating Acute Influenza: A Randomized Controlled Trial,
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/192425.
Trefond et al., SSRM, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3754815,
Impact of hydroxychloroquine used as DMARD on SARS CoV-2 tests and COVID-19 evolution,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3754815.
Trullàs et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-39421/v1 ,
High in-hospital mortality due to COVID-19 in a community hospital in Spain: a prospective observational study,
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-39421/v1.
Turrini et al., Vaccines, 10.3390/vaccines9060640,
Clinical Course and Risk Factors for In-Hospital Mortality of 205 Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Como, Lombardy Region, Italy,
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/6/640.
Ubaldo et al., Critical Care Research and Practice, 10.1155/2021/7510306,
COVID-19: A Single-Center ICU Experience of the First Wave in the Philippines,
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ccrp/2021/7510306/.
Ukrinform,
Ukraine receives batch of hydroxychloroquine tablets from India,
https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-e..ose-down-in-ukraine-on-june-3.html.
Ulrich et al., Open Forum Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa446,
Treating Covid-19 With Hydroxychloroquine (TEACH): A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial in Hospitalized Patients,
https://academic.oup.com/ofid/adva..e/doi/10.1093/ofid/ofaa446/5910201.
United States National Institutes of Health,
Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine With or Without Azithromycin,
https://www.covid19treatmentguidel..uine-with-or-without-azithromycin/.
van Halem et al., BMC Infect Dis., doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05605-3,
Risk factors for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 at the start of the pandemic in Belgium: a retrospective cohort study,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7691970/.
Vanguard,
COVID-19: Nigerian study finds Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine effective as Prophylaxis,
https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/0..oroquine-effective-as-prophylaxis/.
Vernaz et al., Swiss Medical Weekly, doi:10.4414/smw.2020.20446 ,
Early experimental COVID-19 therapies: associations with length of hospital stay, mortality and related costs,
https://smw.ch/article/doi/smw.2020.20446.
Vivanco-Hidalgo et al., Eurosurveillance, doi:/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.9.2001202,
Incidence of COVID-19 in patients exposed to chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: results from a population-based prospective cohort in Catalonia, Spain, 2020,
https://www.eurosurveillance.org/c..807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.9.2001202.
Voice of America,
Cameroon Begins Large-scale Chloroquine Production,
https://www.voanews.com/science-he..large-scale-chloroquine-production.
Wang et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.20128926,
Comorbidity and Sociodemographic determinants in COVID-19 Mortality in an US Urban Healthcare System,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.20128926v1.
Xia et al., ChiCTR2000029741,
Efficacy of Chloroquine and Lopinavir/ Ritonavir in mild/general novel coronavirus (CoVID-19) infections: a prospective, open-label, multicenter randomized controlled clinical study,
http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=49263.
Yadav et al., ResearchGate, doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.34411.77603,
Sero-survey for health-care workers provides corroborative evidence for the effectiveness of Hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis against COVID-19 infection,
https://www.researchgate.net/publi..hylaxis_against_COVID-19_infection.
Yegerov et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.01.06.20249091,
Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics, and Virologic Features of COVID-19 Patients in Kazakhstan: a Nation-Wide, Retrospective, Cohort Study,
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.06.20249091v1.
Yu et al., Science China Life Sciences, 2020 Aug 3, doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1782-1,
Beneficial effects exerted by hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19 patients via protecting multiple organs,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11427-020-1782-1.
Yu (B) et al., Science China Life Sciences, 2020 Aug 3, doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1782-1,
Beneficial effects exerted by hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19 patients via protecting multiple organs,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11427-020-1782-1.
Yu (C) et al., Science China Life Sciences, 2020 May 15, 1-7, doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1732-2,
Low Dose of Hydroxychloroquine Reduces Fatality of Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11427-020-1732-2.
Zhang et al., JAMA, 80:19, 1690, doi:10.1001/jama.280.19.1690,
What's the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes,
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/188182.
Top
Introduction
Results
Randomized Controlled Trials..
Analysis with Exclusions
Heterogeneity
Discussion
Negative Meta Analyses
Conclusion
Revisions
Appendix 1. Methods and Study..
References
Early treatment
All studies
Mortality
Hospitalization
With exclusions
RCTs
Feedback
Home
Introduction
Results
Randomized Controlled Trials..
Analysis with Exclusions
Heterogeneity
Discussion
Negative Meta Analyses
Conclusion
Revisions
Appendix 1. Methods and Study..
References
Early treatment
All studies
Mortality
Hospitalization
With exclusions
RCTs
Feedback
Home
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and treatments are both extremely valuable and complementary. All
practical, effective, and safe means should be used. Elimination of COVID-19
is a race against viral evolution. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is
100% available and effective for all current and future variants. Denying the
efficacy of any method increases the risk of COVID-19 becoming endemic; and
increases mortality, morbidity, and collateral damage. We do not provide
medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician
who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based
on your medical history and situation. Treatment protocols for physicians are
available from the FLCCC.